Search Results for Prague

Biographies

  1. Rychlik biography
    • Born: 16 April 1885 in Benesov near Prague, Austria-Hungary (now Czech Republic) .
    • Died: 28 May 1968 in Prague, Czechoslovakia .
    • Certainly his family moved frequently, for towards the beginning of 1900 they moved yet again, this time to Prague, and Karel completed his schooling at the Academical Gymnasium School in Prague graduating with distinction in July 1904.
    • He had been awarded the first prize in a mathematics competition for each of his years at the Gymnasium in Prague.
    • After graduating from the Gymnasium, Rychlik entered the Charles-Ferdinand University in Prague in October 1904.
    • After he returned to Prague he completed the examinations to qualify him to teach in secondary schools in December 1908 and in March of the following year he was awarded his doctorate for his thesis on substitution groups (permutation groups in today's terminology).
    • Already before his doctorate had been conferred, Rychlik was appointed as an assistant at the Charles University in Prague although for the first year he was unpaid.
    • After the award of his doctorate he had been appointed as an assistant in mathematics at the Czech Technical University in Prague and had a very promising career in front of him when he caught a cold and died three days later.
    • For Rychlik, having a position at the Charles University of Prague was a good thing in terms of status but it did not provide a sufficient income for him to live.
    • So in addition he had to take on other employment which he did from July 1913 at the Czech Technical University in Prague.
    • 1, Functionenlehre, Edited and with notes by K Rychlik (Kralovska Ceska Spolecnost Nauk, Prague, 1930).' This publication comprised an edited version of Functionenlehre which was written by Bolzano before 1834.
    • 2, Zahlentheorie, Edited and with notes by K Rychlik (Kralovska Ceska Spolecnost Nauk, Prague, 1931).' It contains part of Bolzano's manuscript entitled Zahlentheorie , namely the part in which he presented the integers and their elementary properties.
    • The Cauchy manuscript which Rychlik discussed in the above mentioned papers was Memoire sur l'integration des equations differentielles which was dated 'Prague 1835' in Cauchy's own hand.
    • Because Cauchy left Prague in 1836, this manuscript was not printed, as he had intended, in the Proceedings of the Societe Royale des Sciences de Boheme.
    • Hyksova writes in [Karel Rychl’k (1885-1968) (PhD Thesis, Charles University Prague, Prague, 2002).',2)">2] about Rychlik's involvement with Societies and Academies:- .

  2. Bolzano biography
    • Born: 5 Oct 1781 in Prague, Bohemia, Austrian Habsburg domain (now Czech Republic) .
    • Died: 18 Dec 1848 in Prague, Bohemia (now Czech Republic) .
    • His mother Maria, the daughter of a Prague merchant, was German speaking and a devout Roman Catholic.
    • Bernard Bolzano senior, the father of the subject of this biography, was born in the north of Italy and had emigrated to Prague.
    • An indication of how seriously he put his beliefs into practice is the fact that he was the driving force behind the founding of an orphanage in Prague.
    • Bernard, the subject of this biography, was born in the oldest part of the city of Prague, being the fourth of his parents twelve children.
    • He was much influenced by his father's active attempts to care for his fellow men, and this was strengthened by the Piarist Gymnasium that Bolzano attended in Prague between 1791 and 1796.
    • Bolzano entered the Philosophy Faculty of the Charles University of Prague in 1796, studying philosophy, physics and mathematics.
    • He certainly had supporters within the Church, for example the important Archbishop of Prague and Dr Fessl who directed the seminary of Leitmeritz.
    • From 1823 he had spent the summers living near the village of Techobuz in southern Bohemia, on the estate of his friends Josef and Anna Hoffmann, while he spent the winter living in Prague with his brother Johann.
    • When Anna Hoffmann took ill in 1841, Bolzano and the Hoffmanns moved to Prague where they all lived with Johann Bolzano (Anna died in 1842).

  3. Doppler biography
    • In [The Phenomenon of Doppler (Prague, 1992), 30-45.',11)">11] Seidlerova explains how applications worked at that time in Austria:- .
    • He applied to schools in Linz, Salzburg, Gorizia and Ljubljana and for the chair of higher mathematics at Vienna Polytechnic and on 23 March 1833 for the professorship of arithmetic, algebra, theoretical geometry and accountancy at the Technical Secondary School in Prague.
    • However, when he was close to making the final decision he received an offer of the post at the Technical Secondary School in Prague.
    • He tried for a post of professor of higher mathematics at the Polytechnic in Prague but without success.
    • Seidlerova writes in [The Phenomenon of Doppler (Prague, 1992), 30-45.',11)">11]:- .
    • He had support from Bolzano who wrote [The Phenomenon of Doppler (Prague, 1992), 13-29.',13)">13]:- .
    • With such a difficult time in Prague, it is no surprise that Doppler wanted to move and he was offered the professorship of mathematics, physics and mechanics at the Academy of Mines and Forests in Banska Stiavnica.
    • Stoll writes [The Phenomenon of Doppler (Prague, 1992), 13-29.',13)">13]:- .
    • When Doppler left Prague for Banska Stiavnica, he did not suspect that his stay in this city would be so short.
    • The stormy year 1848 shook all parts of the monarchy and revolution broke out in Prague, Vienna and Budapest.
    • In fact his grasp of mathematics may have been even less good than this for he wrote an elementary text Arithmetic and algebra published in Prague in 1843.
    • Seidlerova, describing this work in [The Phenomenon of Doppler (Prague, 1992), 30-45.',11)">11] writes:- .
    • Dated Prague 25 September 1839, the report reads [The Phenomenon of Doppler (Prague, 1992), 13-29.',13)">13]:- .
    • Kulik, who was professor of mathematics at the Charles University of Prague while Doppler worked at the Polytechnic, [The Phenomenon of Doppler (Prague, 1992), 13-29.',13)">13]:- .
    • Bolzano moved to Prague in 1842 and became secretary to the mathematical section of the Royal Bohemian Society of Sciences.
    • He was then in closer contact with Doppler and Bolzano wrote in 1844 [The Phenomenon of Doppler (Prague, 1992), 13-29.',13)">13]:- .
    • The minutes of the meeting reported on Doppler's lecture [The Phenomenon of Doppler (Prague, 1992), 46-54.',10)">10]:- .
    • In 1847 he was elected deputy secretary of the Society and became one of the leaders of the Society who showed, according to Bolzano's words [The Phenomenon of Doppler (Prague, 1992), 46-54.',10)">10]:- .
    • Other honours which came Doppler's way in 1848 were election to ordinary membership of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in Vienna and an honorary doctorate from the University of Prague.

  4. Loewner biography
    • Charles was born into a Jewish family who lived in the village of Lany, about 30 km from Prague.
    • Although Jewish, and living near Prague, Sigmund was a lover of German culture and believed strongly in education, particularly German style education.
    • In keeping with his father's wish to have his children educated in the German tradition, Charles was sent to a German Gymnasium in Prague where not only the tradition but also the language was German.
    • He graduated from the school in 1912 and, in that year, he began his studies in the German section of the Charles University of Prague.
    • In Prague Loewner's research supervisor was Georg Pick who was himself a student of Leo Konigsberger.
    • He was then appointed as an Assistant at the German Technical University in Prague and he worked there for four and a half years, from late 1917 to 1922.
    • This is a stunning array of talent which the provided the mathematically stimulating environment which Loewner had lacked at the German Technical University in Prague.
    • After Prague, the cosmopolitan capital of the Weimar republic must have felt like another world.
    • Then in 1928 he was appointed as extraordinary professor at Cologne, a position he held for two years before returning to the Charles University of Prague in 1939.
    • His initial appointment at Prague was as an extraordinary professor but he was soon promoted to full professor.
    • Of course this did not affect Loewner in Prague, but as he watched the suffering of his Jewish colleagues in Germany he began to become increasingly uneasy.
    • In 1936 their daughter Marion was born and they lived happily in Prague, seeing the reality of what was happening in Germany and fearing the inevitable outcome of events there.
    • Among the students Loewner supervised in Prague was Lipa Bers.
    • Although aware of the increasing danger that he and his family were in, Loewner was still in Prague when the Nazis occupied the city.
    • The house in Los Altos was the first real home the Loewners had since Prague.

  5. Jarnik biography
    • Born: 22 Dec 1897 in Prague, Bohemia (now Czech Republic) .
    • Died: 22 Sept 1970 in Prague, Czechoslovakia .
    • Vojtech Jarnik studied at the Charles University in Prague.
    • Returning to his post in Prague in 1924, he was again to visit Gottingen in session 1927/28 when he worked with Landau.
    • Jarnik was appointed to a chair of mathematics at the Charles University of Prague in 1928.

  6. Cech biography
    • Died: 15 March 1960 in Prague, Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic) .
    • He entered the Philosophy Faculty of Charles University of Prague in 1912, with the aim of becoming a school teacher.
    • Having obtained his degree, Cech began to teach in secondary schools in Prague but he continued to undertake research in mathematics and completed his doctorate in 1920.
    • After leaving Italy in 1922, Cech wrote his habilitation thesis, becoming a docent at the Charles University of Prague.
    • This post did not carry a salary, so Cech continued to teach in the secondary schools of Prague to earn enough money to live.
    • In 1945, after the end of World War II, Cech returned to the Charles University of Prague and began an administrative career.
    • However in that year he returned to the Charles University of Prague to head the new Mathematical Institute there.
    • In 1956 he was appointed as the first director of the Mathematical Institute of the Charles University of Prague.
    • He founded the journal Commentationes Mathematicae Universitatis Carolinae, the first issue appeared in 1960, and he came up with the idea of organising in Prague an international topological conference.
    • Since then, every five years there has been a Prague Topological Symposium.

  7. Pick biography
    • After the award of his doctorate, Pick was appointed as an assistant to Ernest Mach at the Karl-Ferdinand University in Prague.
    • Mach had moved from Graz, where he was professor of mathematics, to Prague in 1867 to take up the chair of physics there.
    • Pick now aimed at becoming a lecturer in Prague and in order to obtain the right to lecture he had to write an habilitation thesis.
    • This he did quite quickly and received the right to lecture in Prague in 1881 with his habilitation thesis Uber die Integration hyperelliptischer Differentiale durch Logarithmen.
    • Except for the academic year 1884-85 which Pick spent studying under Klein at the University of Leipzig, he remained in Prague for the rest of his career.
    • He was promoted to extraordinary professor of mathematics in 1888, then he was appointed as ordinary professor (full professor) in 1892 at the German University of Prague.
    • He is best remembered, however, for Pick's theorem which appeared in his eight page paper of 1899 Geometrisches zur Zahlenlehre published in Prague in Sitzungber.
    • At the German University of Prague Pick became dean of the philosophy faculty in 1900-01.
    • In 1910 he was on a committee set up by the German University of Prague to consider appointing Einstein to the university.
    • Pick was the driving force behind the appointment and Einstein was appointed to a chair of mathematical physics at the German University of Prague in 1911.
    • Pick, who played in a quartet, introduced Einstein into the scientific and musical societies of Prague.
    • However, in 1938 he returned to Prague after the Anschluss on 12 March when German troops marched into Austria.
    • At the end of September 1938 the Prague government was asked to give Germany all districts of Bohemia and Moravia with populations that were 50 percent or more German.
    • Hitler's armies invaded on 14 March 1939 and Hitler installed his representative in Prague to run the country.
    • Pick had been elected as a member of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Arts, but after the Nazis took over Prague, Pick was excluded from the Academy.

  8. Weyr Eduard biography
    • Born: 22 June 1852 in Prague, Bohemia (now Czech Republic) .
    • Frantisek was a professor of mathematics at a realschule (secondary school) in Prague from 1855.
    • Eduard attended the realschule in Prague where his father taught, then studied at the Prague Polytechnic and the Charles-Ferdinand University of Prague.
    • After studying in Prague, he went to Gottingen where he obtained his doctorate in 1873.
    • He returned to Prague where he was appointed as an assistant in descriptive geometry.
    • After being appointed as a Privatdozent at the Polytechnic in Prague in 1875 he was appointed as a Privatdozent at the Charles-Ferdinand University of Prague in 1876.
    • In 1902 professor at Charles-Ferdinand University of Prague but died soon after being appointed.

  9. Berwald biography
    • Born: 8 Dec 1883 in Prague, Bohemia (now Czech Republic) .
    • Max ran Andre's Bookshop, one of the most famous bookshops in Prague situated in the centre of the city in the Pulvertum area.
    • The family were Jewish with Max coming from East Prussia and his wife being a native of Prague.
    • Ludwig entered the Graben Gymnasium, previously called the Imperial Royal State High School of Prague, in 1893.
    • Around 1900 Max Berwald sold his bookshop in Prague and moved with his family to Munich.
    • On 12 September 1915 Berwald married Hedwig Adler, the daughter of Friedericke and Emanuel Adler, who had also been born in Prague; she was eight years older than her husband.
    • After that Berwald and his wife made many trips to Prague, and there he got to know two mathematics lecturers Gerhard Kowalewski and Georg Pick.
    • With their support, Berwald became a lecturer at the German University in Prague.

  10. Hajek biography
    • Died: 10 June 1974 in Prague, Czechoslovakia .
    • He attended primary school there but when he entered a Gymnasium it was in Prague.
    • Of course World War II began while Hajek was studying at the Gymnasium in Prague.
    • After the German armies took Prague, Hajek was forced to work for the German armament industry.
    • Back in Prague Hajek submitted his habilitation dissertation on statistical problems in stochastic processes and was awarded the qualification.
    • This led to an association with the Charles University of Prague where he was appointed to the Chair of Probability and Statistics in 1964 [Jaroslav Hajek : Collected works of Jaroslav Hajek - with commentary (Chichester, 1998).
    • He proposed an International Statistical Conference for Prague and set about inviting the main speakers.
    • The conference Prague Symposium on Asymptotic Statistics took place in 1973.

  11. Weyr biography
    • Born: 1 July 1848 in Prague, Bohemia (now Czech Republic) .
    • Frantisek was a professor of mathematics at a realschule (secondary school) in Prague from 1855.
    • Emil attended the realschule in Prague where his father taught, then studied at the Prague Polytechnic from 1865 to 1868 where he was taught geometry by Vilem Fiedler.
    • He became an assistant of Jindrich Durege and after receiving his doctorate, became a Privatdozent at the Charles-Ferdinand University in Prague in 1870.
    • He studied in Italy with Cremona and Casorati during the academic year 1870-71 returning to Prague where he continued to teach.

  12. Winkler biography
    • Born: 29 June 1884 in Prague, Bohemia (Austro-Hungarian Empire, now Czech Republic) .
    • Wilhelm Winkler's father, Julius Winkler, was a music teacher in Prague and his mother was Anne Winkler.
    • He attended the Kleinseitner Gymnasium and then entered the German language Karl Friedrich University in Prague to study law.
    • He now began to study statistics and mathematics seriously, attending statistics seminars at the university and advanced mathematics courses at the Technische Hochschule of Prague.
    • He was taken to a hospital in Prague where he took six months to regain his health.

  13. Czuber biography
    • Born: 19 Jan 1851 in Prague, Bohemia (now Czech Republic) .
    • He graduated from a German secondary school (Realschule) in 1869 and continued his studies at the German Technical University at Prague.
    • He submitted his habilitation thesis on practical geometry (geodesy) to the Technical University at Prague in 1876 and obtained the right to lecture.
    • From 1875 to 1886 he taught at the Second German Realschule in Prague.

  14. Kulik biography
    • Died: 28 Feb 1863 in Prague, Czech Republic .
    • He received his doctorate in 1822, then, from 1826, he was Professor of Mathematics at the Charles University of Prague until his death in 1863.
    • Special Issue 16, Studies of Czechoslovak Historians for the 16th International Congress of the History of Science (Prague, 1981), 327-343.',5)">5] to correct false statements about them such as the one by Eves above:- .
    • Special Issue 16, Studies of Czechoslovak Historians for the 16th International Congress of the History of Science (Prague, 1981), 327-343.',5)">5].

  15. Gentzen biography
    • Died: 4 Aug 1945 in Prague, Czechoslovakia .
    • As part of the German war effort, he took up a teaching post as a Dozent in the Mathematical Institute of the German University of Prague and he taught there until arrested and taken into custody.
    • The citizens of Prague rose in revolt against the occupying German forces on 5 May 1945, the day all the staff of the German University were arrested, and held the city until the Russian Army arrived four days later.

  16. Brahe biography
    • Died: 24 Oct 1601 in Prague, Bohemia (now Czech Republic) .
    • In 1599 he was appointed Imperial Mathematician to the Holy Roman Emperor, Rudolph II, in Prague (then the capital of the Holy Roman Empire).
    • Tycho began observing again in Prague.

  17. Bers biography
    • A warrant was issued for his arrest and, just in time, he escaped to Prague.
    • His girl friend Mary Kagan followed him to Prague where they married on 15 May 1938.
    • There were a number of reasons why Bers chose to go to Prague at this time.
    • Firstly he had to escape from Latvia, secondly Prague was in a democratic country, and thirdly his aunt lived there so he could obtain permission to study at the Charles University without having to find a job to support himself.
    • One should also not underestimate the fact that by this stage his mathematical preferences were very much in place and Karl Loewner in Prague looked the ideal supervisor.
    • Indeed Bers did obtain his doctorate which was awarded in 1938 from the Charles University of Prague where he wrote a thesis on potential theory under Karl Loewner's supervision.

  18. Kepler biography
    • Tycho, then working in Prague (at that time the capital of the Holy Roman Empire), had in fact already written to Mastlin in search of a mathematical assistant.
    • He also wrote about the New Star of 1604, now usually called 'Kepler's supernova', rejecting numerous explanations, and remarking at one point that of course this star could just be a special creation 'but before we come to [that] I think we should try everything else' (On the New Star, De stella nova, Prague, 1606, Chapter 22, KGW 1, p.
    • Following Galileo's use of the telescope in discovering the moons of Jupiter, published in his Sidereal Messenger (Venice, 1610), to which Kepler had written an enthusiastic reply (1610), Kepler wrote a study of the properties of lenses (the first such work on optics) in which he presented a new design of telescope, using two convex lenses (Dioptrice, Prague, 1611).
    • Leaving Prague for Linz .
    • Kepler's years in Prague were relatively peaceful, and scientifically extremely productive.
    • Kepler had to leave Prague.

  19. Adams Edwin biography
    • Born: 23 Jan 1878 in Prague, Bohemia, Austro-Hungary (now Czech Republic) .

  20. Bramer biography
    • The Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II was trying to establish a science centre in Prague and had learnt of Burgi's exceptional skills as an instrument maker.
    • Burgi was appointed to the imperial court in Prague and Bramer went with him to Prague when he was 16 years old, remaining there for about five years.
    • Bramer left Prague in 1609 and returned to Kassel.
    • In 1604, the year Bramer left Kassel for Prague, parts this landgraviate was added to the landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel under the control of the Landgrave Moritz "The Learned", with Kassel as the capital of the landgraviate.

  21. Behrend biography
    • He went first to England, where he studied at Cambridge, then moved to Zurich and finally to Prague.
    • In Prague he worked as an actuary in a life insurance company but also undertook research in pure mathematics at the Charles University and was awarded a D.Sc.
    • The Nazi threat which had made him leave Germany in 1933 was by this time making him feel unsafe in Prague.
    • He left Prague in 1939, returning first to Zurich, and then to London in England shortly before the outbreak of World War II.

  22. Schwarz Stefan biography
    • In 1932 he entered the Charles University of Prague, the Universita Karlova which had been founded in 1348 by the Holy Roman emperor Charles IV.
    • They agreed the Munich treaty requiring the Prague government to cede to Germany all of Bohemia and Moravia with populations that were more than half German.
    • Schwarz knew that as a Jew his life would be in danger if he remained in Prague until the Nazis arrived so, immediately after Bohemia and Moravia were occupied, Schwarz left Prague and returned to Slovakia where he felt more safe.

  23. Lerch biography
    • Mathias Lerch studied first in Prague.
    • After leaving Prague he went to the University of Berlin where he studied during 1884 -85 and was taught by Weierstrass, Kronecker and Fuchs.
    • In 1886 Lerch joined the teaching staff at the Czech Technical Institute in Prague.

  24. Wolf Frantisek biography
    • After completing his school education he entered the Charles University in Prague to study physics.
    • Wolf then became a secondary school teacher and taught mathematics in schools until 1937 when he was appointed as a Privatdozent at the Charles University in Prague.
    • After this visit to England Wolf returned to Prague in March 1938 as Germany was annexing Austria.

  25. Quine biography
    • Quine spent six weeks in Warsaw with Tarski before going on to study at Prague under Rudolf Carnap.
    • These included the Murray Butler gold medal (1965), the F Polacky gold medal in Prague (1991), the Charles University gold medal in Prague (1993), the Rolf Schock Prize in Stockholm (1993), and the Kyoto Prize in Tokyo (1996).

  26. Mohr Ernst biography
    • In 1942 Mohr was appointed to the German Charles University in Prague becoming an extraordinary professor in the following year.
    • In Prague Mohr became friends with his colleagues Herbert Cremer and Feigl.
    • On 12 May 1944 Mohr was arrested by the Gestapo while in the Hotel Beranek in Prague.

  27. Saint-Vincent biography
    • After six years in Prague as chaplain to the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II from 1626 until 1632.
    • However when the Swedish army attacked Prague, Saint-Vincent fled to Vienna leaving behind many of his important mathematical papers.
    • Eventually the papers he had been force to leave in Prague were returned to him and they were published.

  28. Tichy biography
    • Pavel Tichy studied philosophy and mathematics at the Charles University in Prague from 1954.
    • In 1993 he was offered the position of Head of the Department of Logic at the Faculty of Philosophy and Arts in the Charles University of Prague.
    • However, he died in an accident in Dunedin in October 1994 before he was able to return to Prague.

  29. Peurbach biography
    • Ladislas spent most of his time in Prague and Vienna and Peurbach was able to also teach at the University of Vienna.
    • Political intrigues, leading to assassinations of two leading figures, caused Ladislas to flee to Prague in 1457 and he died there later that year (actually of leukaemia).

  30. Rheticus biography
    • He had to flee and this he did rapidly, spending some time at Chemnitz and a further period in Prague.
    • In 1551-52 he studied medicine at the University of Prague but his interest in medicine only ever seemed to be used to treat patients and never to undertake scholarly research so he never seems to have produced innovations in medicine in the way he did in mathematics.

  31. Frank biography
    • On Einstein's recommendation Frank succeeded him to the chair of theoretical physics in the German University of Prague in 1912.
    • Frank remained at the German University in Prague until 1938.

  32. Einstein biography
    • He was appointed a full professor at the Karl-Ferdinand University in Prague in 1911.
    • He moved from Prague to Zurich in 1912 to take up a chair at the Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule in Zurich.

  33. Petersson biography
    • On 9 September 1939 he was appointed to a chair at Prague University but, perhaps due to the war starting, did not now want to leave Hamburg.
    • On 7 October 1940 he was ordered to Prague.

  34. Wittich biography
    • .; then, south to the great Hapsburg Court at Prague; later the academy of Altdorf, near Nuremberg; and finally, to yet another university town, Frankfurt an der Oder.
    • Hagecius had been professor of mathematics at the Charles University of Prague and was in frequent scientific correspondence with Tycho.

  35. Kuratowski biography
    • He lectured in London (1946), Geneva (1948), many universities in the United States during 1948-49, Prague, Berlin, Budapest, Amsterdam, Rome, Peking (1955), Canton (1955), Shanghai (1955), Agra (1956), Lucknow (1956), and Bombay (1956).
    • He received honorary degrees from many universities including Glasgow, the Sorbonne, Prague and Wroclaw.

  36. Boruvka biography
    • He discussed these matters with Frantisek Vycichlo, a Prague mathematician, and their feeling was that differential equations would be a good direction to take his research team.
    • I went to Prague, it was at the end of 1944, to consult the matter with my colleagues.

  37. Cauchy biography
    • In 1833 Cauchy went from Turin to Prague in order to follow Charles X and to tutor his grandson.
    • While in Prague Cauchy had one meeting with Bolzano, at Bolzano's request, in 1834.

  38. Caramuel biography
    • He taught at Louvain until 1645 when he moved to Prague.
    • In Prague he held church appointments but in 1655 he moved to Italy where he was to spend the rest of his life.

  39. Bortolotti biography
    • In 1937 Bortolotti attended the fourth International Congress of the History of Sciences held in Prague.
    • The papers are given in [Acta Historiae Rerum Naturalium necnon Technicarum, 1972 (Prague, 1973), 11-388.',6)">6].

  40. Oleinik biography
    • She received medals from the College de France and the Charles University of Prague.

  41. Erdelyi biography
    • Erdelyi wrote no doctoral thesis, he merely matriculated at the University of Prague, and submitted his papers instead of a thesis.

  42. Pauli biography
    • Wolfgang Joseph had trained as a medical doctor in Prague.

  43. Roomen biography
    • In 1600 Roomen visited Prague where he met Kepler and told him of his worries about the methods employed in Rheticus's trigonometric tables.

  44. Thomae biography
    • The war ended on 23 August with the signing of the Treaty of Prague.

  45. Albert biography
    • Albert studied at Prague and then at Paris.

  46. Ehrenfest biography
    • He visited Berlin where he saw Planck, Leipzig where he saw his old friend Herglotz, Munich where he met Sommerfeld, then Zurich, Vienna, and Prague where he met Einstein for the first time.

  47. Menabrea biography
    • Menabrea was given full authority by the Kingdom of Italy to negotiate with Austria the hand over of Venetia at the Treaty of Prague at the end of the war.

  48. Duarte biography
    • He participated in International Congresses of Mathematicians in Bologna (1928), Zurich (1932), and Boston (1950); Congresses of the Geodesic Union and International Geophysics in Madrid (1924), Prague (1928), Lisbon (1932), and Brussels (1951); International Congresses for the peaceful use of the atomic energy in Geneva (1955, 1958); and in the Assembly on the World Map in London (1928).

  49. Schwerdtfeger biography
    • They settled first in Prague but in 1939, with World War II imminent, they left for Zurich, moved on to Grenoble and finally Toulon before escaping from war torn Europe and emigrating to Sydney in Australia.

  50. Sierpinski biography
    • He was awarded honorary degrees from the universities Lvov (1929), St Marks of Lima (1930), Amsterdam (1931), Tarta (1931), Sofia (1939), Prague (1947), Wroclaw (1947), Lucknow (1949), and Lomonosov University of Moscow (1967).

  51. Tarski biography
    • Niiniluoto, in [Truth and its nature (if any), Prague, 1996 (Dordrecht, 1999), 91-104.

  52. Bauer biography
    • The Charles University, Prague, awarded him their medal in 1987 and in 1992 awarded him an honorary doctorate.

  53. Chapman biography
    • These became his two main bases, but his visits to other places included Michigan and Minnesota in the USA, Istanbul, Ibadan, Cairo, Prague, Tokyo and Russia.

  54. Mayr biography
    • He was sent to Prague, with a letter of recomendation dated 22 May 1601, to study under Tycho Brahe.

  55. Wrinch biography
    • In particular she spent time at the universities in Vienna, Paris, Prague and Leiden.

  56. Struik biography
    • The same year he married a Czech mathematician Ruth Ramler who had obtained a doctorate in mathematics from the University of Prague under the supervision of G Pick and G Kowalewski.

  57. Stefan Peter biography
    • Peter Stefan attended school in Bratislava and then attended the university in Prague obtaining his first degree in 1965.

  58. Lefschetz biography
    • He was awarded honorary degrees from the universities of Paris, Prague, Mexico, Clark, Brown, and Princeton.

  59. Burgi biography
    • Later Burgi also worked for the Holy Roman Emperor Rudolph II, and his successor Matthias (in Prague).

  60. Blaschke biography
    • Blaschke became extraordinary professor of mathematics at the Deutsche Technische Hochschule in Prague in 1913, remaining there for two years before moving to Leipzig in 1915.

  61. Seidel Jaap biography
    • Graphs and other combinatorial topics, Prague, 1982; .

  62. Pfaff biography
    • In the spring of 1788 Pfaff set off on a journey to Vienna but he visited many universities on the way, in particular Halle, Jena, Helmstedt, Dresden, and Prague.

  63. Cox Elbert biography
    • What must have made a decision harder to make was that Cox was awarded a music scholarship which would have enabled him to travel to Europe to study at the Prague Conservatory of Music.

  64. Freundlich biography
    • He returned to Europe in 1937 when he was appointed professor of astronomy at the Charles University of Prague.

History Topics

  1. Bolzano's manuscripts references
    • V Jarnik, Bolzano and the foundations of mathematical analysis (Prague, 1981).
    • J Berg, A requirement for the logical basis of scientific theories implied by Bolzano's logic of variation, in Impact of Bolzano's epoch on the development of science (Prague, 1982), 415-425.
    • K Berka, Bolzano's philosophy of science, in Impact of Bolzano's epoch on the development of science (Prague, 1982), 427-442.
    • L J Cohen, Bolzano's theory of induction, in Impact of Bolzano's epoch on the development of science (Prague, 1982), 443-457.
    • M Hyksova, Bolzano's inheritance research in Bohemia, Mathematics throughout the ages, Holbaek, 1999/Brno, 2000 (Prometheus, Prague, 2001), 67-91, .
    • K Macak, Bernard Bolzano and the calculus of probabilities (Czech), Mathematics in the 19th century (Czech), Vyskov, 1994 (Prometheus, Prague, 1996), 39-55.
    • P Maritz, The Bolzano house in Prague, Austral.
    • H Metzler, Bernard Bolzanos Beitrag zum Gestaltwandel der Logik, in Impact of Bolzano's epoch on the development of science (Prague, 1982), 479-489.
    • M Nemcova, Frantisek Josef Studnicka and Bernard Bolzano (Czech), Mathematics in the 19th century (Czech), Vyskov, 1994 (Prometheus, Prague, 1996), 115-119.
    • L Novy, Bolzano's contribution to science and society, in Impact of Bolzano's epoch on the development of science (Prague, 1982), 9-23.
    • S Russ, Influence of Bolzano's methodology on the development of his mathematics, in Impact of Bolzano's epoch on the development of science (Prague, 1982), 335-337.
    • A Vogt, On the relationship between philosophy and mathematics in the work of B Bolzano and B Riemann, in Impact of Bolzano's epoch on the development of science (Prague, 1982), 365-366.

  2. Bolzano's manuscripts references
    • V Jarnik, Bolzano and the foundations of mathematical analysis (Prague, 1981).
    • J Berg, A requirement for the logical basis of scientific theories implied by Bolzano's logic of variation, in Impact of Bolzano's epoch on the development of science (Prague, 1982), 415-425.
    • K Berka, Bolzano's philosophy of science, in Impact of Bolzano's epoch on the development of science (Prague, 1982), 427-442.
    • L J Cohen, Bolzano's theory of induction, in Impact of Bolzano's epoch on the development of science (Prague, 1982), 443-457.
    • M Hyksova, Bolzano's inheritance research in Bohemia, Mathematics throughout the ages, Holbaek, 1999/Brno, 2000 (Prometheus, Prague, 2001), 67-91, .
    • K Macak, Bernard Bolzano and the calculus of probabilities (Czech), Mathematics in the 19th century (Czech), Vyskov, 1994 (Prometheus, Prague, 1996), 39-55.
    • P Maritz, The Bolzano house in Prague, Austral.
    • H Metzler, Bernard Bolzanos Beitrag zum Gestaltwandel der Logik, in Impact of Bolzano's epoch on the development of science (Prague, 1982), 479-489.
    • M Nemcova, Frantisek Josef Studnicka and Bernard Bolzano (Czech), Mathematics in the 19th century (Czech), Vyskov, 1994 (Prometheus, Prague, 1996), 115-119.
    • L Novy, Bolzano's contribution to science and society, in Impact of Bolzano's epoch on the development of science (Prague, 1982), 9-23.
    • S Russ, Influence of Bolzano's methodology on the development of his mathematics, in Impact of Bolzano's epoch on the development of science (Prague, 1982), 335-337.
    • A Vogt, On the relationship between philosophy and mathematics in the work of B Bolzano and B Riemann, in Impact of Bolzano's epoch on the development of science (Prague, 1982), 365-366.

  3. Bolzano publications.html
    • Foreword by K Petr (Kralovska Ceska Spolecnost Nauk, Prague, 1930).
    • 2, Zahlentheorie, Edited and with notes by K Rychlik (Kralovska Ceska Spolecnost Nauk, Prague, 1931).
    • 3, Von dem besten Staate (About the ideal state), Edited and Einfuhrende Betrachtungen by A Kowalewski (Kralovska Ceska Spolecnost Nauk, Prague, 1932).
    • 4, Der Briefwechsel B Bolzano's mit F Exner, Edited with notes and introduction by E Winter (Kralovska Ceska Spolecnost Nauk, Prague, 1935).
    • 5, Memoires geometriques, Edited and with notes by J Vojtech (Kralovska Ceska Spolecnost Nauk, Prague, 1948).
    • Bernard Bolzano, Bicentenary: Early mathematical works, With an introduction by Lubos Nov'y and Jaroslav Folta, Acta Historiae Rerum Naturalium necnon Technicarum Special Issue 12, Lecture Notes in Pure and Applied Mathematics 78 (Ceskoslovenske Akademie Ved (CSAV), Prague, 1981).

  4. Bolzano's manuscripts
    • However, Zimmermann's interests were more in the area of philosophy and indeed he was appointed to the chair of philosophy in Prague in 1852, only four years after Bolzano's death.
    • Some manuscripts were in Prague but the main collection was in the Austrian National Library in Vienna.
    • The Czech Academy of Sciences paid for Jasek to spend about eighteen months working with the manuscripts in Vienna where he made photocopies (in an early form which produced white writing on a black background), bringing the copies back to Prague where the main task of preparing the work for publication was to take place.

  5. Real numbers 3 references
    • J Simsa, Development of the concept of real numbers (Czech), in Mathematics in the 16th and 17th centuries (Czech), Jev’cko, 1997 (Prometheus, Prague, 1999), 259-282.

  6. Modern light references
    • J Illy, Lenin, the electromagnetic form of light and the theory of relativity (Czech), in Revolutionary developments in the field of science and engineering, Conf., Liblice, 1979 (Prague, 1980), 35-38.

  7. Abstract linear spaces references
    • J Tvrda, On the origin of the theory of matrices, Acta Historiae Rerum Naturalium necnon Technicarum (Prague, 1971), 335-354.

  8. Real numbers 2 references
    • J Simsa, Development of the concept of real numbers (Czech), in Mathematics in the 16th and 17th centuries (Czech), Jev’cko, 1997 (Prometheus, Prague, 1999), 259-282.

  9. Group theory references
    • L Novy, Origins of Modern Algebra (Prague, 1973).

  10. function concept references
    • A Kopackova, Phylogenesis of the concept of a function (Czech), in Mathematics throughout the ages II (Czech), (Prometheus, Prague, 2001), 46-80.

  11. Real numbers 1 references
    • J Simsa, Development of the concept of real numbers (Czech), in Mathematics in the 16th and 17th centuries (Czech), Jev’cko, 1997 (Prometheus, Prague, 1999), 259-282.

  12. Matrices and determinants references
    • J Tvrda, On the origin of the theory of matrices, Acta Historiae Rerum Naturalium necnon Technicarum (Prague, 1971), 335-354.

  13. Real numbers 3 references
    • J Simsa, Development of the concept of real numbers (Czech), in Mathematics in the 16th and 17th centuries (Czech), Jev’cko, 1997 (Prometheus, Prague, 1999), 259-282.

  14. Modern light references
    • J Illy, Lenin, the electromagnetic form of light and the theory of relativity (Czech), in Revolutionary developments in the field of science and engineering, Conf., Liblice, 1979 (Prague, 1980), 35-38.

  15. Abstract linear spaces references
    • J Tvrda, On the origin of the theory of matrices, Acta Historiae Rerum Naturalium necnon Technicarum (Prague, 1971), 335-354.

  16. Real numbers 2 references
    • J Simsa, Development of the concept of real numbers (Czech), in Mathematics in the 16th and 17th centuries (Czech), Jev’cko, 1997 (Prometheus, Prague, 1999), 259-282.

  17. Group theory references
    • L Novy, Origins of Modern Algebra (Prague, 1973).

  18. function concept references
    • A Kopackova, Phylogenesis of the concept of a function (Czech), in Mathematics throughout the ages II (Czech), (Prometheus, Prague, 2001), 46-80.

  19. Real numbers 1 references
    • J Simsa, Development of the concept of real numbers (Czech), in Mathematics in the 16th and 17th centuries (Czech), Jev’cko, 1997 (Prometheus, Prague, 1999), 259-282.

  20. Matrices and determinants references
    • J Tvrda, On the origin of the theory of matrices, Acta Historiae Rerum Naturalium necnon Technicarum (Prague, 1971), 335-354.

  21. Kepler's Laws
    • Kepler originally investigated the orbit of Mars because that was the task allocated to him by Tycho Brahe (1546-1601), when Kepler joined him in Prague around 1600.

Famous Curves

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Societies etc

  1. Union of Czech Mathematicians and Physicists
    • The Union of Czech Mathematicians and Physicists began its existence on 28 May 1862 when the Society for Open Lectures in Mathematics and Physics in Prague was founded.
    • Initially it was a student Society for students at the Charles University of Prague, but university teachers quickly supported the Society.
    • At this stage there were 69 members and one can see by the change of name that the Society had moved from a local Prague Society to a national Czech Society during these early years.
    • The Union continued to expand its operations outside Prague and it opened a number of branches, in particular one in Brno in 1911 and one in Bratislava in 1929.
    • At Munich at the end of September the Prague government was asked to give Germany all districts of Bohemia and Moravia with populations that were 50 percent or more German.
    • Hitler's armies invaded on 14 March 1939 and Hitler installed his representative in Prague to run the country.
    • In 1952 the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences was founded in Prague and a number of specialised institutions were attached to it including the Union of Czechoslovak Mathematicians and Physicists as the Union was now called.

  2. References for Berlin
    • B Krzemie'nska, On the role of the academy in the rapid development of science in the last quarter of the nineteenth century (the example of the Berlin Academy of Sciences) (Czech), in Revolutionary developments in the field of science and engineering, Conf., Liblice, 1979 (Czech) (Prague, 1980), 439-446.

  3. References for Czech
    • L Paty and J Vesely (eds.), Union of Czechoslovak Mathematicians and Physicists (Prague, 1984).

  4. German Society for Applied Mathematics and Mechanics
    • The meetings from 1922 to 1933 (inclusive) were held in Leipzig, Marburg, Innsbruck, Dresden and Danzig (two meetings), ZŸrich, Bad Kissingen, Hamburg, Prague, Berlin, Bad Elster, Berlin, and WŸrzburg.

  5. Czech Academy of Sciences
    • It is based in Prague, as are 40 of its 60 research institutes:- .

References

  1. References for Bolzano
    • V Jarnik, Bolzano and the foundations of mathematical analysis (Prague, 1981).
    • J Berg, A requirement for the logical basis of scientific theories implied by Bolzano's logic of variation, in Impact of Bolzano's epoch on the development of science (Prague, 1982), 415-425.
    • K Berka, Bolzano's philosophy of science, in Impact of Bolzano's epoch on the development of science (Prague, 1982), 427-442.
    • L J Cohen, Bolzano's theory of induction, in Impact of Bolzano's epoch on the development of science (Prague, 1982), 443-457.
    • K Macak, Bernard Bolzano and the calculus of probabilities (Czech), Mathematics in the 19th century (Czech), Vyskov, 1994 (Prometheus, Prague, 1996), 39-55.
    • P Maritz, The Bolzano house in Prague, Austral.
    • H Metzler, Bernard Bolzanos Beitrag zum Gestaltwandel der Logik, in Impact of Bolzano's epoch on the development of science (Prague, 1982), 479-489.
    • M Nemcova, Frantisek Josef Studnicka and Bernard Bolzano (Czech), Mathematics in the 19th century (Czech), Vyskov, 1994 (Prometheus, Prague, 1996), 115-119.
    • L Novy, Bolzano's contribution to science and society, in Impact of Bolzano's epoch on the development of science (Prague, 1982), 9-23.
    • S Russ, Influence of Bolzano's methodology on the development of his mathematics, in Impact of Bolzano's epoch on the development of science (Prague, 1982), 335-337.
    • A Vogt, On the relationship between philosophy and mathematics in the work of B Bolzano and B Riemann, in Impact of Bolzano's epoch on the development of science (Prague, 1982), 365-366.

  2. References for Doppler
    • Bibliography of Doppler's work, in The Phenomenon of Doppler (Prague, 1992), 76-80.
    • Brief cronology of Doppler's life, in The Phenomenon of Doppler (Prague, 1992), 73-75.
    • O Poss, Christian Doppler in Banska Stiavnica, in The Phenomenon of Doppler (Prague, 1992), 55-62.
    • J Schwippel, Christian Doppler and the Royal Bohemian Society of Sciences, in The Phenomenon of Doppler (Prague, 1992), 46-54.
    • I Seidlerova, Christian Doppler and Prague Polytechnic, in The Phenomenon of Doppler (Prague, 1992), 30-45.
    • M Solc, The way of the Doppler Principle to astrophysics, in The Phenomenon of Doppler (Prague, 1992), 63-72.
    • I Stoll, Christian Doppler - Man, work and message, in The Phenomenon of Doppler (Prague, 1992), 13-29.

  3. References for Rychlik
    • M Hyksova, Karel Rychl’k (1885-1968) (Czech), History of Mathematics 22 (Prometheus, Prague, 2003).
    • M Hyksova, Karel Rychl’k (1885-1968) (PhD Thesis, Charles University Prague, Prague, 2002).
    • Mathematics throughout the ages, Holbaek, 1999/Brno, 2000 (Prometheus, Prague, 2001), 258-286.

  4. References for Einstein
    • J Bicak, Einstein's Prague articles on gravitation, in Proceedings of the Fifth Marcel Grossmann Meeting on General Relativity (Teaneck, NJ, 1989), 1325-1333.
    • J Illy, Albert Einstein and Prague (Czech), DVT-Dejiny Ved Tech.
    • J Illy, Albert Einstein in Prague, Isis 70 (251) (1979), 76-84.

  5. References for Bortolotti
    • L Novy and J Folta, The 4th International Congress of the History of Sciences, Prague-1937, in Acta Historiae Rerum Naturalium necnon Technicarum, 1972 (Prague, 1973), 11-388.

  6. References for Tarski
    • I Niiniluoto, Tarskian truth as correspondence - replies to some objections, in Truth and its nature (if any), Prague, 1996 (Dordrecht, 1999), 91-104.
    • J Peregrin, Tarski's legacy (introductory remarks), in Truth and its nature (if any), Prague, 1996 (Dordrecht, 1999), vii-xviii.

  7. References for Hajek
    • J Jureckova, Jaroslav Hajek and asymptotic theory of rank tests, in Minisymposium in Honour of Jaroslav Hajek, Prague, 1994, Kybernetika (Prague) 31 (3) (1995), 239-250.

  8. References for Lambert
    • J Folta, Lambert's 'Architectonics' and the foundations of geometry, Acta Historiae Rerum Naturalium necnon Technicarum, 1973 (Prague, 1974), 145-163.

  9. References for Peirce Benjamin
    • Ved, Prague, 1974), 211-231.

  10. References for Cauchy
    • D Struik and R Struik, Cauchy and Bolzano in Prague, Isis 11 (1928), 364-366.

  11. References for Gentzen
    • P Vihan, The last months of Gerhard Gentzen in Prague, Collegium logicum Vol.

  12. References for Kulik
    • Special Issue 16, Studies of Czechoslovak Historians for the 16th International Congress of the History of Science (Prague, 1981), 327-343.

  13. References for Brahe
    • Z Sima, Prague sextants of Tycho Brache, Annals of Science 50 (1993), 445-453.

  14. References for Zhukovsky
    • A T Grigorian, The elaboration of theoretical foundations of aviation in the works of N E Zhukovsky and S A Chaplygin, in Revolutionary changes in science and technology at the turn of 19th and 20th centuries (Prague, 1981), 213-226.

  15. References for Boruvka
    • E Fuchs, Otakar Boruvka and French mathematics, in Mathematics throughout the ages, Holbaek, 1999/Brno, 2000 (Prometheus, Prague, 2001), 92-100.

  16. References for Weyr
    • , Eduard Weyr 1852-1903 (Czech) (Prague, 1995).

  17. References for Weyr Eduard
    • J Becvar (ed), Eduard Weyr 1852-1903 (Czech) (Prague, 1995).

Additional material

  1. Bolzano's publications
    • Foreword by K Petr (Kralovska Ceska Spolecnost Nauk, Prague, 1930).
    • 2, Zahlentheorie, Edited and with notes by K Rychlik (Kralovska Ceska Spolecnost Nauk, Prague, 1931).
    • 3, Von dem besten Staate (About the ideal state), Edited and Einfuhrende Betrachtungen by A Kowalewski (Kralovska Ceska Spolecnost Nauk, Prague, 1932).
    • 4, Der Briefwechsel B Bolzano's mit F Exner, Edited with notes and introduction by E Winter (Kralovska Ceska Spolecnost Nauk, Prague, 1935).
    • 5, Memoires geometriques, Edited and with notes by J Vojtech (Kralovska Ceska Spolecnost Nauk, Prague, 1948).
    • Bernard Bolzano, Bicentenary: Early mathematical works, With an introduction by Lubos Nov'y and Jaroslav Folta, Acta Historiae Rerum Naturalium necnon Technicarum Special Issue 12, Lecture Notes in Pure and Applied Mathematics 78 (Ceskoslovenske Akademie Ved (CSAV), Prague, 1981).

  2. Karl Menger on Hans Hahn
    • Frank was in Prague where he had gone before the war as the successor of Einstein; however, he visited Vienna at least twice a year.
    • In the early 1930's, after Carnap had gone to Prague, a controversy about a related topic arose in the Circle when Waismann proclaimed that one could not speak about language.
    • So, during Schlick's absence on a visit to the United States in 1929, Frank asked Hahn to deliver the inaugural address at the First Congress of the Epistemology of Science (in Prague), while Neurath and Carnap asked him to be the principal signer of the pamphlet Wissenschaftliche Weltauffassung.
    • It lacked the depth and the precision of Hahn's address to the Prague congress.

  3. F A Behrend's LMS Obituary by B H Neumann
    • at the University of Berlin, he emigrated from Nazi Germany in 1934, first to Cambridge, then to Zurich and Prague, where he worked as an actuary in a life insurance company and continued his work in pure mathematics.
    • He took the degree of Doctor of Science at the Charles University of Prague in 1938, but Czechoslovakia became unsafe in 1939, and he returned to Zurich and then to England just before the outbreak of war.

  4. Kepler's Planetary Laws
    • Kepler originally investigated the orbit of Mars because that was the task allocated to him by Tycho Brahe (1546-1601), when Kepler joined him in Prague around 1600.

  5. Kepler's Planetary Laws
    • Kepler originally investigated the orbit of Mars because that was the task allocated to him by Tycho Brahe (1546-1601), when Kepler joined him in Prague around 1600.

Quotations

  1. Quotations by Kepler
    • On giving astrology sounder foundations: De fundamentis astrologiae certioribus (Prague, 1602) Thesis 2, KGW 4 12 .
    • On the New Star: De stella nova (Prague, 1606) Chapter 22, KGW 1 257, lines 23 -24.
    • Conversation with the Sidereal Messenger [an open letter to Galileo Galilei]: Dissertatio cum Nuncio Sidereo (Prague, 1610) KGW 4 308, lines 9 - 10.
    • The Six-Cornered Snowflake, (Prague, 1611), edited and translated by Colin Hardie (1966), 33.

Chronology

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