Search Results for Monge

Biographies

1. Monge biography
   
   • Gaspard Monge .
     
   • Gaspard Monge became the Comte de Peluse later in his life and he is sometimes known by this name.
     
   • His father was Jacques Monge, a merchant who came originally from Haute-Savoie in southeastern France.
     
   • Monge attended the Oratorian College in Beaune.
     
   • It was at this school that Monge first showed his brilliance.
     
   • In 1762, at the age of 16, Monge went to Lyons where he continued his education at the College de la Trinite.
     
   • Despite being only 17 years of age at the time, Monge was put in charge of teaching a course in physics.
     
   • Completing his education there in 1764, Monge returned to Beaune where he drew up a plan of the city.
     
   • The plan of Beaune that Monge constructed was to have a major influence in the direction that his career took, for the plan was seen by a member of staff at the Ecole Royale du Genie at Mezieres.
     
   • He was very impressed by Monge's work and, in 1765, Monge was appointed to the Ecole Royale du Genie as a draftsman.
     
   • Of course, in this post Monge was undertaking tasks that were not entirely to his liking, for he aspired to a position in life which made far more use of his mathematical talents.
     
   • However the Ecole Royale du Genie brought Monge into contact with Charles Bossut who was the professor of mathematics there.
     
   • At first Monge's post did not require him to use his mathematical talents, but Monge worked in his own time developing his own ideas of geometry.
     
   • About a year after becoming a draftsman, Monge was given a task which allowed him to use his mathematical skill to attack the task he was given.
     
   • Asked to draw up a fortification plan which prevented an enemy from either seeing or firing at a military position no matter what the position of the enemy, Monge devised his own graphical method to construct such a fortification rather than use the complicated methods then available.
     
   • This method made full use of the geometrical techniques which Monge was developing in his own time.
     
   • His mathematical abilities were now recognised at the Ecole Royale du Genie and it was realised that Monge was someone with exceptional abilities in both theoretical and practical subjects.
     
   • On 22 January 1769 Monge wrote to Bossut explaining that he was writing a work on the evolutes of curves of double curvature.
     
   • Bossut must have replied in a very positive fashion for in June a publication in the Journal Encyclopedique by Monge (his first publication) appeared giving a summary of the results which he had obtained.
     
   • This paper, in which Monge generalised the results obtained by Huygens on space curves (as part of Huygens's investigation of the pendulum) and added many important new discoveries, is described in detail in [Rev.
     
   • When Bossut left the Ecole Royale du Genie at Mezieres, Monge was appointed to succeed him in January 1769.
     
   • Although this was a large step forward for Monge's career, he was more interested in making his name as a mathematician in the highest circles.
     
   • Realising that he had to obtain advice from the leading mathematicians, Monge approached d'Alembert and Condorcet early in 1771.
     
   • Condorcet must have been impressed with the depth of the mathematics that Monge showed him, for he recommended that he present memoirs to the Academie des Sciences in each of the four areas of mathematics in which he was undertaking research.
     
   • The four memoirs that Monge submitted to the Academie were on a generalisation of the calculus of variations, infinitesimal geometry, the theory of partial differential equations, and combinatorics.
     
   • In 1777 Monge married Catherine Huart and, since his wife had a forge, he became interested in metallurgy in addition to his wide range of mathematical and scientific interests.
     
   • After three years of dividing his time between Paris and Mezieres, Monge was offered yet another post, namely to replace Bezout as examiner of naval cadets.
     
   • Monge would have liked to keep all these positions, but after attempting to organise an impossible schedule for about a year, he decided that he would have to resign his posts in Mezieres, which he did in December 1784.
     
   • Over the next five years, despite heavy duties as an examiner, Monge undertook research in a wide range of scientific subjects presenting papers to the Academie on [Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970-1990).',1)">1]:- .
     
   • This was to completely change the course of Monge's life.
     
   • Politically Monge was a strong supporter of the Revolution, and his first actions were to show his support by joining various societies supporting the Revolution, but he continued his normal duties as an examiner of naval cadets, and as a major figure in the work of the Academie.
     
   • Monge was offered the post of Minister of the Navy in the government by the National Convention.
     
   • Without disrespect to Monge, it was impossible to satisfy the quite extreme views of many people, and Monge's period as Minister of the Navy cannot be viewed as a success.
     
   • For a few months Monge returned to his work with the Academie des Sciences but this did not last long for, on 8 August 1793, the Academie des Sciences was abolished by the National Convention.
     
   • Still a strong republican and supporter of the Revolution, Monge worked on various military projects relating to arms and explosives.
     
   • Monge was appointed by the National Convention on 11 March 1794 to the body that was put in place to establish the Ecole Centrale des Travaux Publics (soon to become the Ecole Polytechnique).
     
   • Monge's lectures on infinitesimal geometry were to form the basis of his book Application de l'analyse a la geometrie.
     
   • Another educational establishment, the Ecole Normale, was set up to train secondary school teachers and Monge gave a course on descriptive geometry.
     
   • However from May 1796 to October 1797, Monge was in Italy on a commission to select the best art treasures for the conquerors and bring them to France.
     
   • Monge returned to Paris bringing the text of the Treaty of Campo Formio with him.
     
   • Back in Paris Monge slotted back into his previous roles and was appointed to the prestigious new one of Director of the Ecole Polytechnique.
     
   • By February 1798 Monge was back in Rome, involved with the setting up of the Republic of Rome.
     
   • 16 (1) (1996), 45-100.',17)">17] the author describes these events using letters which Monge sent to his wife from Rome at that time.
     
   • In particular Monge proposed a project for advanced schools in the Republic of Rome.
     
   • Napoleon Bonaparte now asked Monge to join him on his Egyptian expedition and, somewhat reluctantly, Monge agreed.
     
   • Monge left Italy on 26 May 1798 and joined Napoleon's expeditionary force.
     
   • The expedition, which included the mathematicians Fourier and Malus as well as Monge, was at first a great success.
     
   • Monge was appointed president of the Institut d'Egypte in Cairo on 21 August.
     
   • The Institut had twelve members of the mathematics division, including Fourier, Monge, Malus and Napoleon Bonaparte.
     
   • During difficult times with Napoleon in Egypt and Syria, Monge continued to work on perfecting his treatise Application de l'analyse a la geometrie.
     
   • Monge was back in Paris on 16 October 1799 and took up his role as director of the Ecole Polytechnique.
     
   • This had been done at his wife's request and had been put together by Hachette from Monge's lectures at the Ecole Normale.
     
   • Napoleon named Monge a senator on the Consulate for life.
     
   • Monge accepted with pleasure, although his republican views should have meant that he was opposed to the military dictatorship imposed by Napoleon on France.
     
   • The truth must be that Monge was [Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970-1990).',1)">1]:- .
     
   • Over the next few years Monge continued a whole range of activities, undertaking his role as a senator while maintaining an interest in research in mathematics but mostly his mathematical work involved teaching and writing texts for the students at the Ecole Polytechnique.
     
   • Monge was dismayed at the situation and his health suddenly collapsed.
     
   • Monge was sent to Liege to organise the defence of the town against an attack.
     
   • The allied armies began to move against France and Monge fled.
     
   • When Napoleon abdicated on 6 April 1814, Monge was not in Paris, but soon after he did return and tried to pick up his life again.
     
   • Monge immediately rallied to Napoleon and gave him his full support.
     
   • After Napoleon was defeated at Waterloo, Monge continued to see him until he was put on board a ship on 15 July.
     
   • By October Monge feared for his life and fled from France.
     
   • Monge returned to Paris in March 1816.
     
   • In [Mathematiques appliquees aux sciences de l\'ingenieur, Santiago, 1989 (Toulouse, 1991), 21-37.',9)">9] Monge's political career is treated kindly but G Jorland, in a review of that paper, takes a harder view:- .
     
   • [Monge's] tenure at the Ministry of the Navy was a complete failure and he presided over the cultural pillage of Italy and Egypt.
     
   • If Napoleon actually said that Monge loved him like a mistress, it proves that the utmost mathematical clarity can go hand in hand with political blindness.
     
   • We have commented quite frequently regarding Monge's scientific work above.
     
   • The basic philosophy behind Monge's approach to mathematics is discussed in [Stud.
     
   • 17 (3) (1986), 249-268.',13)">13] where the author states that Monge's aims were the:- .
     
   • Monge regarded analysis as being [Stud.
     
   • Practical concerns induced Monge to perceive the object and function of mathematics in a new way, in violation of the formalistic (linguistic) standards set by the approved patrons of mathematics ..
     
   • Honours awarded to Gaspard Monge .
     
   • Lunar featuresCrater Monge .
     
   • Paris street namesPlace Monge and Rue Monge (5th Arrondissement) .
     
   • Minnesota (One of Monge's geometry theorems and its relationship to Desargues theorem) .
     
   • http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Monge.html .
     

2. Hachette biography
   
   • He attended the College de Charleville, then went on to attend courses at the Ecole Royale du Genie of Mezieres where he was taught by, among others, C Ferry and Monge.
     
   • This first contact with Monge would be one of many throughout his career, and even at this young age Hachette greatly impressed him.
     
   • Monge had set up a descriptive geometry course at the Ecole Royale du Genie which Ferry was teaching when Hachette was appointed to the staff.
     
   • Monge, who had alternated between Mezieres and Paris for a number of years, had finally left Mezieres in December 1784 but the courses which he had set up were still being taught.
     
   • The School began to operate from June 1795 but Hachette had been teaching before that at the short-lived Ecole Normale de l'An III from January to May of that year as Monge's assistant.
     
   • Hachette worked on descriptive geometry, collected work by Monge and edited Monge's Geometrie descriptive which was published in 1799.
     
   • Although not a scientist of the first rank, Hachette nevertheless contributed to the progress of French science at the beginning of the nineteenth century by his efforts to increase the prestige of the Ecole Polytechnique and by making Monge's work widely known, especially in descriptive and analytic geometry and in the theory of machines.
     

3. Lacroix biography
   
   • In the following year he had the opportunity to further his studies in mathematics by attending a free course given by Monge.
     
   • At this time Monge was officially employed at the Ecole at Mezieres but he had been elected to the Academie des Sciences in Paris in 1780 and began to spend most of his time there teaching courses such as the one that Lacroix attended.
     
   • Lacroix was fortunate to be a student of Monge who soon realised that his young pupil had an outstanding talent for mathematics and he used his influence to help him develop his career.
     
   • Monge had replaced Bezout as examiner of naval cadets and this post put him in a position where he could recommend that Lacroix be appointed as Professor of Mathematics at the Ecole Gardes de Marine at Rochefort in 1782.
     
   • Not only did Monge use his influence to obtain this position for Lacroix, but he also acted as his mathematical advisor, recommending that he undertake research on partial differential equations and the calculus of variations.
     
   • Lacroix followed his advice and in 1785, when still only twenty years old, he sent a memoir to Monge who presented it to the Academie des Sciences.
     
   • Monge had been appointed by the National Convention on 11 March 1794 to the body that was put in place to establish the Ecole Centrale des Travaux Publics (soon to be called the Ecole Polytechnique), and he was appointed to teach a course in descriptive geometry on 9 November 1794.
     
   • Lacroix and Hachette assisted Monge in the work for his descriptive geometry course.
     

4. Fourier biography
   
   • and also by Laplace, who Fourier rated less highly, and by Monge who Fourier described as .
     
   • Fourier began teaching at the College de France and, having excellent relations with Lagrange, Laplace and Monge, began further mathematical research.
     
   • He was appointed to a position at the Ecole Centrale des Travaux Publiques, the school being under the direction of Lazare Carnot and Gaspard Monge, which was soon to be renamed Ecole Polytechnique.
     
   • His release has been put down to a variety of different causes, pleas by his pupils, pleas by Lagrange, Laplace or Monge or a change in the political climate.
     
   • Monge and Malus were also part of the expeditionary force.
     
   • While in Cairo Fourier helped found the Cairo Institute and was one of the twelve members of the mathematics division, the others included Monge, Malus and Napoleon himself.
     
   • The memoir was read to the Paris Institute on 21 December 1807 and a committee consisting of Lagrange, Laplace, Monge and Lacroix was set up to report on the work.
     

5. Bossut biography
   
   • Then in 1765 Monge was appointed to the Ecole du Genie as a draftsman.
     
   • Of course, in this post Monge was undertaking tasks that were not entirely to his liking, for he aspired to a position in life which made far more use of his mathematical talents.
     
   • However the Ecole du Genie brought Monge into contact with Bossut who encouraged him to develop his ideas on geometry.
     
   • After Bossut left the chair of mathematics at the Ecole du Genie at Mezieres in 1768, Monge was appointed to succeed him in January 1769.
     
   • On 22 January 1769 Monge wrote to his former mentor, the Abbe Charles Bossut, that he was composing a memoir on the evolutes of curves of double curvature, and he asked the abbe for an opinion on the originality and usefulness of the work.
     
   • Bossut's reply has not survived; but the judgment evidently was encouraging, for in June of the same year there appeared in the J Encyclopedique a "Lettre de M Monge" containing a summary of his results.
     
   • The "Lettre" of Monge not only generalized the conclusions of Huygens to space curves, but added further discoveries, including the significant fact that the surface containing the centres of curvature of a gauche curve is developable.
     

6. Duhamel biography
   
   • Monge, who was the director of the Ecole Polytechnique, was a staunch supporter of Napoleon and the Ecole was greatly in favour and flourished.
     
   • Monge remained as director of the Ecole Polytechnique and it was as this time that Duhamel began his university studies there.
     
   • After Napoleon escaped from Elba and returned to Paris, Monge immediately rallied to him and gave him his full support.
     
   • Even after Napoleon was defeated at Waterloo, Monge continued to see him until he was put on board a ship on 15 July 1815.
     
   • By October Monge feared for his life and fled from France but returned to Paris in March 1816.
     
   • Monge was dismissed from the directorship of the Ecole Polytechnique immediately following his return, and the students took violent action to support him.
     

7. Tinseau biography
   
   • At Mezieres he was a student of Monge who encouraged him to undertake mathematical research.
     
   • It seems highly unlikely that Tinseau would have become a mathematician but for the inspiring teaching and encouragement of Monge.
     
   • He continued Monge's study of curves of double curvature and ruled surfaces, being in a sense Monge's first follower.
     
   • He did publish further political writings, as we mentioned above, but other than continuing to correspond with Monge on mathematical topics, he took no further part in mathematics.
     

8. Vandermonde biography
   
   • Ten years later he published two papers on manufacturing steel, this time joint work with Monge and Bertholet.
     
   • That he work closely with Monge reflected the fact that the two were very close friends, in fact he so close that he was known as femme de Monge.
     
   • His friend Monge was also involved with the Ecole Normale as were Lagrange and Laplace.
     
   • Like Monge, Vandermonde was a strong supporter of the Revolution which began with the storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789.
     

9. De Prony biography
   
   • Monge was impressed with this paper and realised that de Prony was someone of great potential.
     
   • In 1794 the Ecole Centrale des Travaux Publics was founded by and was directed by Carnot and Monge.
     
   • Fourier, Monge and Malus had agreed to be part of the expeditionary force and Napoleon was angry that de Prony would not come.
     

10. Yau biography
    
    • Yau was awarded a Fields Medal in 1982 for his contributions to partial differential equations, to the Calabi conjecture in algebraic geometry, to the positive mass conjecture of general relativity theory, and to real and complex Monge-Ampere equations.
      
    • The analytic problem is that of proving the existence of a solution of a highly nonlinear (complex Monge-Ampere ) differential equation.
      
    • .for his work in nonlinear partial differential equations, his contributions to the topology of differentiable manifolds, and for his work on the complex Monge-Ampere equation on compact complex manifolds.
      

11. Poncelet biography
    
    • He entered the Ecole Polytechnique in 1807, and there he had outstanding teachers such as the mathematicians Gaspard Monge, Lazare Carnot, Charles Brianchon, Sylvestre Lacroix, Andre-Marie Ampere, Louis Poinsot, and Jean Hachette.
      
    • During his imprisonment he recalled the fundamental principles of geometry but, forgetting the details of what he had learnt from Monge, Carnot and Brianchon, he went on to develop projective properties of conics.
      
    • Note that the work was subtitled "A work of utility for those studying the applications of descriptive geometry and geometric operations on land" and here one can see the influence of Monge's teaching.
      

12. Darboux biography
    
    • he followed in the spirit of Gaspard Monge, and Darboux's spirit can be detected in the work of Elie Cartan.
      
    • Relying on the classical results of Monge, Gauss, and Dupin, Darboux fully used, in his own creative way, the results of his colleagues Bertrand, Bonnet, Ribaucour, and others.
      
    • In common with Monge he was not content with discoveries, but he felt that it was equally important to make disciples.
      

13. Brisson biography
    
    • Brisson was a fellow student with Biot, and was highly thought of by Monge who was one of his teachers.
      
    • Brisson married Monge's niece and his friend Biot became his brother-in-law.
      
    • He went on to edit the fourth edition of Monge's Geometrie descriptive adding two new chapters.
      

14. Malus biography
    
    • There he was taught by Monge who realised Malus had special mathematical talents.
      
    • As well as Malus these included Monge, Fourier and Napoleon Bonaparte himself.
      

15. Arago biography
    
    • His examiner was Louis Monge, the brother of Gaspard Monge who was at the time director of the ecole Polytechnique, and Arago was placed as one of the top five students in the ranked entrance list.
      

16. Biot biography
    
    • He was then a pupil at the Ecole Polytechnique in Paris where Monge realised his potential.
      
    • Had it not been for Monge, who could not see someone with such talents remain in jail, or even die, pleading successfully for his release his promising career might have ended.
      

17. Dupin biography
    
    • Dupin was educated at the Ecole Polytechnique in Paris, where he learnt geometry from Monge.
      
    • While an undergraduate he made his famous discovery of what are called today 'Dupin's cyclides' guided in this work by Monge.
      

18. Desargues biography
    
    • When projective geometry was reinvented, by the pupils of Gaspard Monge (1746 -1818), the reinvention was from descriptive geometry, a technique that has much in common with perspective.
      
    • University of Minnesota (Desargues theorem and its relationship to one of Monge's geometry theorems) .
      

19. De Vries Hendrik biography
    
    • Although initially de Vries' interest involved research in geometry, and in particular projective geometry, he became interested in the history of mathematics through reading the works of Monge, Plucker and Mobius.
      

20. Sintsov biography
    
    • There he studied the geometry of Monge equations and he introduced the important ideas of asymptotic line curvature of the first and second kind.
      

21. Puissant biography
    
    • In 1801 he published Recueil de diverses propositions de Geometrie, resolues ou demontrees par l'analyse algebrique, suivant les principes de Monge et de Lacroix: a l'usage de ceux qui suivent le traite Elementaire d'Application de l'Algebre a la Geometrie de ce dernier.
      

22. Weingarten biography
    
    • In this work he reduced the problem of finding all surfaces isometric to a given surface to the problem of determining all solutions to a partial differential equation of the Monge-Ampere type.
      

23. Plucker biography
    
    • For example, much of his mathematics followed the French style of geometry as developed by Monge.
      

24. Maxwell biography
    
    • Monge, Geometrie Descriptive .
      

25. Serret biography
    
    • He also edited the 5th edition of Monge in 1850.
      

26. Olivier biography
    
    • Theodore Olivier was a student at the Ecole Polytechnique where he was strongly influenced by Monge.
      

27. Rodrigues biography
    
    • He gathered some famous scientists around him in support of his beliefs, including Monge and Lagrange.
      

28. Bobillier biography
    
    • He followed Monge in treating geometric problems in an analytic and projective way.
      

29. Gergonne biography
    
    • His career was much influenced by Monge who, by this time, was Director of the Ecole Polytechnique in Paris.
      

30. Korkin biography
    
    • He had read, and with his wonderful memory could then recall, most works by Abel, Dirichlet, Euler, Fourier, Gauss, Jacobi, Lagrange, Laplace, Legendre, Monge, and Poisson.
      

31. Du Bois-Reymond biography
    
    • In this work he generalised Monge's idea of the characteristic of a partial differential equation from second order equations to third order equations.
      

32. Watson Henry biography
    
    • In addition to these books he wrote on Lagrange's method and Monge's method for solving partial differential equations and, jointly with Galton, he wrote On the probability of extinction of families.
      

33. Appell biography
    
    • In 1885 he was awarded half of the Bordin Prize for solving Monge's problem:- .
      

34. Poinsot biography
    
    • However he is best known for his dedication to geometry and, together with Monge, he contributed to the topic regaining its leading role in mathematical research in France in the eighteenth century.
      

35. Mathieu Claude biography
    
    • Having heard about exciting educational developments in Paris where the Ecole Polytechnique, a state supported institution of higher education and research, had been founded by Lazare Carnot and Gaspard Monge in 1794, he went to Paris in 1801 to try to gain admission to the Ecole.
      

36. Trudinger biography
    
    • The first complete proof, for more than two dimensions, of the famous 200 year old Monge problem of mass transfer was found by programme members in 2001.
      

37. Peirce Benjamin biography
    
    • The course he set up was impressive, including the study of works of Lacroix, Cauchy, Monge, Biot, Hamilton, Laplace, Poisson, Gauss, Le Verrier, Bessel, Adams, Airy, MacCullagh and Franz Neumann.
      

38. Cauchy biography
    
    • Politics now helped Cauchy into the Academy of Sciences when Carnot and Monge fell from political favour and were dismissed and Cauchy filled one of the two places.
      

39. Lewy biography
    
    • Among the first papers he published after emigrating to the United States were A priori limitations for solutions of Monge-Ampere equations (two papers, the first in 1935, the second two years later), and On differential geometry in the large : Minkowski's problem (1938).
      

40. Durer biography
    
    • Descriptive geometry originated with Durer in this work although it was only put on a sound mathematical basis in later work of Monge.
      

41. De Vries Henrik biography
    
    • Although initially de Vries' interest involved research in geometry, and in particular projective geometry, he became interested in the history of mathematics through reading the works of Monge, Plucker and Mobius.
      

42. Poisson biography
    
    • However, Poisson found that descriptive geometry, an important topic at the Ecole Polytechnique because of Monge, was impossible for him to succeed with because of his inability to draw diagrams.
      

43. Brianchon biography
    
    • At the Ecole Polytechnique in Paris, Brianchon studied under Monge.
      

44. Carnot biography
    
    • In 1794, under direction from Carnot and Monge, a 'grande ecole' was set up called 'Ecole centrale des travaux publiques' but its name was changed to 'Ecole polytechnique' in the following year.
      

History Topics

1. Mathematics and Art
   
   • One could certainly consider this work as being an important step towards the theory of descriptive and projective geometry as developed by Monge, Chasles and Poncelet.
     

2. History overview
   
   • The period around the turn of the century saw Laplace's great work on celestial mechanics as well as major progress in synthetic geometry by Monge and Carnot.
     Go directly to this paragraph
     

3. Group theory
   
   • The difference between metric and incidence geometry comes from the work of Monge, his student Carnot and perhaps most importantly the work of Poncelet.
     Go directly to this paragraph
     

4. EMS History
   
   • I want to speak now of the great development of geometry, for which we are indebted to Monge who is the real originator of all that is best in modern geometry.
     

Famous Curves

1. Curve definitions
   
   • The orthoptic of a parabola is its directrix, the orthoptic of a central conic is a circle concentric with the conic which was investigated by Monge.
     

Societies etc

1. Paris street names
   
   • Place Monge ( 5th Arrondissement) WnM .
     
   • Rue Monge ( 5th Arrondissement) WnM .
     

2. Lunar features
   

3. Lunar features
   
   • (W) (L) Monge .
     

4. Lunar features
   
   • Monge .
     

5. Eiffel Tower
   
   • Monge .
     

6. AMS Veblen Prize
   
   • for his work in nonlinear partial differential equations, his contributions to the topology of differentiable manifolds, and for his work on the complex Monge-Ampere equation on compact complex manifolds.
     

References

1. References for Monge
   
   • References for Gaspard Monge .
     
   • P V Aubry, Monge, le savant ami de Napoleon Bonaparte, 1746-1818 (1954).
     
   • A N Bogolyubov, Gaspard Monge (1746-1818) (Russian), Scientific-Biographical Literature Series 'Nauka' (Moscow, 1978).
     
   • G Kasdorf, Monge, in H Wussing and W Arnold, Biographien bedeutender Mathematiker (Berlin, 1983).
     
   • R Taton, Gaspard Monge (Basel, 1950).
     
   • R Taton (ed.), L'Oeuvre scientifique de Monge (Paris, 1951).
     
   • M L Balinski, Gaspard Monge : pour la patrie, les sciences et la gloire, in Mathematiques appliquees aux sciences de l'ingenieur, Santiago, 1989 (Toulouse, 1991), 21-37.
     
   • J J Bikerman, Capillarity before Laplace : Clairaut, Segner, Monge, Young, Arch.
     
   • J Brooke, The Monge statue in Beaune, France, Math.
     
   • S Colombo, Gaspard Monge, geometre et senateur, Rev.
     
   • E Glas, On the dynamics of mathematical change in the case of Monge and the French revolution, Stud.
     
   • H P Huang, Monge - mathematician and social reformer (Chinese), Math.
     
   • B Kvetonova, Gaspard Monge and descriptive geometry (Czech), Pokroky Mat.
     
   • K M Liu and S Z Yang, The history and contemporary significance of descriptive geometry : commemorating the 200th anniversary of the publication of Monge's 'Descriptive geometry' (Chinese), Math.
     
   • L Pepe, Gaspard Monge in Italy : the foundation and first works of the National Institute of the Roman Republic (Italian), Boll.
     
   • L Pepe, Gaspard Monge : a mathematician in the history of the great libraries of Italy (1796-1798) (Italian), Boll.
     
   • R Taton, La premiere note mathematique de Gaspard Monge (juin 1769), Rev.
     
   • R Taton, Un texte inedit de Monge : Reflexions sur les equations aux differences partielles, Osiris 9 (1950), 44-61.
     
   • R Taton, Monge, createur des coordonnees axiales de la droite, dites de Plucker, Elemente der Math.
     
   • R Taton, Remarques sur la diffusion des theories mathematiques de Monge, Thales 5 (1948), 43-49.
     
   • R Taton, Deux contributions de Monge a la creation de la geometrie moderne, C.
     
   • R Taton, Une correspondance mathematique inedite de Monge, Revue Sci.
     
   • R Taton, A propos d'une correspondance inedite de Monge, C.
     
   • http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/References/Monge.html .
     

2. References for Bossut
   
   • R Taton, La premiere note mathematique de Gaspard Monge (juin 1769), Rev.
     

3. References for Plucker
   
   • R Taton, Monge, createur des coordonnees axiales de la droite, dites de Plucker, Elemente der Math.
     

4. References for Segner
   
   • J J Bikerman, Capillarity before Laplace : Clairaut, Segner, Monge, Young, Arch.
     

Additional material

1. Mathematicians and Music 3
   
   • Although more than twenty years Fourier's senior, Gaspard Monge, so well known as an expounder of the applications of analysis to geometry, and of descriptive geometry, was associated with him in more than one undertaking.
     
   • They were professors at the Ecole Polytechnique in Paris, which Monge was largely instrumental in founding.
     
   • They both accompanied Napoleon to Egypt where Monge was the first president of the Institute of Egypt and Fourier its secretary.
     
   • Monge was a passionate devotee of music and made a journey to Italy in order to procure copies of all of the musical works in the chapel of St Mark's, Venice.
     
   • He, too, occupied himself with the problem of the vibrating string and constructed a model of a surface, certain parallel sections of which give the form of the curve of the vibrating string at any time under conditions which Monge states.
     

2. Joseph Fourier on his teachers
   
   • Among his teachers were Laplace, Monge, and Lagrange, and Fourier gave charming descriptions of these famous mathematicians.
     
   • Monge was 49 years old when Fourier attended his lectures:- .
     
   • Monge has a loud voice and he is energetic, ingenious and very learned.
     

3. Andrew Forsyth addresses the British Association in 1905, Part 2
   
   • In that year also Monge published his treatise, classical and still to be read by all students of the subject, 'The Application of Algebra to Geometry'; it is the starting point of modern synthetic geometry, which has marched in ample development since his day.
     
   • When the wonderful school of French physicists, composed of Monge, Sadi Carnot, Fourier, Poisson, Poinsot, Ampere, and Fresnel (to mention only some names), together with Gauss, Kirchhoff, and von Helmholtz in Germany, and Ivory, Green, Stokes, Maxwell, and others in England, applied their mathematics to various branches of physics, for the most part its development was that of an ancillary subject.
     

4. Chrystal: EMS Address
   
   • In concluding, Professor Chrystal referred to some of the leading subjects at present occupying the attention of mathematicians, specially touching on the great development of geometry, for which they were indebted to Monge whom he characterised as the real originator of all that was best in modern geometry.
     

5. Publications of Corrado Segre
   
   • C Segre, Monge e le congruenze generali di rette, Biblioteca Matematica (III) VIII (1907), 321-324.
     

6. Goursat: 'Cours d'analyse mathématique
   
   • Chapter XXIV - Equations de Monge-Ampere.
     

7. Publications of Corrado Segre
   
   • C Segre, Monge e le congruenze generali di rette, Biblioteca Matematica (III) VIII (1907), 321-324.
     

8. Somerville's Booklist
   

Quotations

Chronology

1. Mathematical Chronology
   
   • Monge begins the study of descriptive geometry.
     
   • Monge publishes Geometrie descriptive which describes orthographic projection, the graphical method used in modern mechanical drawing.
     
   • Shing-Tung Yau is awarded a Fields Medal for his contributions to partial differential equations, to the "Calabi conjecture" in algebraic geometry, to the positive mass conjecture of general relativity theory, and to real and complex Monge-Ampere equations.
     

2. Chronology for 1980 to 1990
   
   • Shing-Tung Yau is awarded a Fields Medal for his contributions to partial differential equations, to the "Calabi conjecture" in algebraic geometry, to the positive mass conjecture of general relativity theory, and to real and complex Monge-Ampere equations.
     

3. Chronology for 1760 to 1780
   
   • Monge begins the study of descriptive geometry.
     

4. Chronology for 1780 to 1800
   
   • Monge publishes Geometrie descriptive which describes orthographic projection, the graphical method used in modern mechanical drawing.