Search Results for Mechanics

Biographies

1. Spencer Tony biography
   
   • With Ronald Rivlin and Albert Green, Tony Spencer embarked on his remarkable studies into the application of the theory of invariants and its role in the development of constitutive laws in continuum mechanics.
     
   • These studies have now become a milestone in the history of the development of continuum mechanics.
     
   • References to the collaborative work of Tony Spencer, Ronald Rivlin and Albert Green are standard citations in treatises in modern continuum mechanics.
     
   • For example he published (with Ronald Rivlin) The theory of matrix polynomials and its application to the mechanics of isotropic continua (1958), (with Ronald Rivlin) Finite integrity bases for five or fewer symmetric 3 × 3 matrices (1958), (with Albert Green) The stability of a circular cylinder under finite extension and torsion (1959), and (with Albert Green and Ronald Rivlin) The mechanics of non-linear materials with memory II (1959).
     
   • In 1960 he was appointed as a Lecturer in the newly founded Department of Theoretical Mechanics at the University of Nottingham.
     
   • Promotion came quickly for Spencer who was promoted to a Reader in 1963 then, following the death of John Adkins the Professor of Theoretical Mechanics, he became Professor of Theoretical Mechanics and Head of Department on 1 April 1965.
     
   • He delivered an inaugural lecture entitled Mechanics, Mathematics and Materials.
     
   • In 1980 he published the classic text Continuum mechanics.
     
   • Continuum mechanics comprises the mechanics of fluids and the mechanics of solids: two major branches of physics and applied mathematics which also provide the basis of civil and mechanical engineering.
     
   • Once familiar with the underlying principles, the student can specialise in any of the different branches of continuum mechanics.
     
   • The authors of [Spencer Institute of Theoretical and Computational Mechanics.
     
   • He travelled extensively throughout the world to collaborate with numerous colleagues, attending conferences to give keynote presentations and generally supporting the research enterprise in continuum mechanics.
     
   • In October 2007 the University of Nottingham established the Spencer Institute of Theoretical and Computational Mechanics, named in his honour.
     

2. Iacob biography
   
   • Now Iacob had moved away from Cluj in 1939 when he was appointed as an assistant in the Faculty of Mechanics at Bucharest University, but he returned to the University of Cluj in 1942 when he was appointed as a lecturer in the Department of General Mathematics.
     
   • At this time D V Ionescu was Dean of the Faculty but Ionescu, who was professor in the Department of Mechanics, moved to the Department of Analysis in 1943.
     
   • Following this Iacob was named professor in the Department of Mechanics on 30 December 1943.
     
   • From this time he worked in Cluj until he was named professor of mechanics in the Department of Mechanics and Physics at the University of Bucharest on 14 October 1950.
     
   • He came back to Cluj into a new section of Fluid Mechanics which had just been set up and there he introduced an aerodynamics course.
     
   • Even though he was only back at Cluj for a comparatively short period, he organised research seminars on fluid mechanics and many members of the existing staff became his doctoral students at this time.
     
   • Iacob's most important monograph was Mathematical introduction to the mechanics of fluids (Romanian) which was published in 1952.
     
   • One further book by Iacob deserves mention, namely Applied mathematics and mechanics (Romanian) which he published in 1989 as a book for secondary school mathematics teachers.
     
   • One should emphasize, however, that the level of presentation is quite challenging for the "normal" high-school student, so the textbook is more appropriate for special "after-school" seminars for above-average students interested in mathematics and mechanics, rather than for usual classroom lectures.
     
   • The author's declared goal is to stimulate both the teacher and his disciples to go beyond the material usually offered in courses on geometry and mechanics.
     
   • The contents of this book are given here:- Iacob mechanics .
     
   • He was awarded the prestigious mechanics prize Henri de Parville in 1940 by the Academy of Sciences in Paris.
     
   • His important book on fluid mechanics earned him the State Prize for the period 1951-52.
     
   • Caius Iacob - Applied mathematics and mechanics .
     

3. Euler biography
   
   • However, Euler now had to find himself an academic appointment and when Nicolaus(II) Bernoulli died in St Petersburg in July 1726 creating a vacancy there, Euler was offered the post which would involve him in teaching applications of mathematics and mechanics to physiology.
     
   • The core of his research program was now set in place: number theory; infinitary analysis including its emerging branches, differential equations and the calculus of variations; and rational mechanics.
     
   • Studies of number theory were vital to the foundations of calculus, and special functions and differential equations were essential to rational mechanics, which supplied concrete problems.
     
   • He studied continuum mechanics, lunar theory with Clairaut, the three body problem, elasticity, acoustics, the wave theory of light, hydraulics, and music.
     
   • He laid the foundation of analytical mechanics, especially in his Theory of the Motions of Rigid Bodies (1765).
     
   • In 1736 Euler published Mechanica which provided a major advance in mechanics.
     
   • The distinguishing feature of Euler's investigations in mechanics as compared to those of his predecessors is the systematic and successful application of analysis.
     
   • Previously the methods of mechanics had been mostly synthetic and geometrical; they demanded too individual an approach to separate problems.
     
   • Euler was the first to appreciate the importance of introducing uniform analytic methods into mechanics, thus enabling its problems to be solved in a clear and direct way.
     
   • Mechanica was followed by another important work in rational mechanics, this time Euler's two volume work on naval science.
     
   • Outstanding in both theoretical and applied mechanics, it addresses Euler's intense occupation with the problem of ship propulsion.
     
   • In 1765 Euler published another major work on mechanics Theoria motus corporum solidorum in which he decomposed the motion of a solid into a rectilinear motion and a rotational motion.
     
   • Euler's work on fluid mechanics is also quite remarkable.
     
   • His most outstanding works, for which he won many prizes from the Paris Academie des Sciences, are concerned with celestial mechanics, which especially attracted scientists at that time.
     

4. Dirac biography
   
   • Fowler was then the leading theoretician in Cambridge, well versed in the quantum theory of atoms; his own research was mostly on statistical mechanics.
     
   • Under his influence Dirac worked on some problems in statistical mechanics.
     
   • He realised the analogy with Poisson brackets in Hamiltonian mechanics.
     
   • This similarity provided the clue which led him to formulate for the first time a mathematically consistent general theory of quantum mechanics in correspondence with Hamiltonian mechanics.
     
   • The ideas were laid out in Dirac's doctoral thesis Quantum mechanics for which he was awarded a Ph.D.
     
   • Also in 1928 he found a connection between relativity and quantum mechanics, his famous spin-1/2 Dirac equation.
     
   • In 1930 Dirac published The principles of Quantum Mechanics and for this work he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1933.
     
   • His lectures at Cambridge were closely modelled on [The principles of Quantum Mechanics], and they conveyed to generations of students a powerful impression of the coherence and elegance of quantum theory.
     
   • In 1933 he published a pioneering paper on Lagrangian quantum mechanics which became the foundation on which Feynman later built his ideas of the path integral.
     
   • in recognition of his remarkable contributions to relativistic dynamics of a particle in quantum mechanics.
     
   • Dirac unified the theories of quantum mechanics and relativity theory, but he also is remembered for his outstanding work on the magnetic monopole, fundamental length, antimatter, the d-function, bra-kets, etc.
     
   • we vividly see everywhere the brilliant imprints of Dirac, unifier of quantum mechanics and relativity theory.
     

5. Schrodinger biography
   
   • In theoretical physics he studied analytical mechanics, applications of partial differential equations to dynamics, eigenvalue problems, Maxwell's equations and electromagnetic theory, optics, thermodynamics, and statistical mechanics.
     
   • Schrodinger published his revolutionary work relating to wave mechanics and the general theory of relativity in a series of six papers in 1926.
     
   • Wave mechanics, as proposed by Schrodinger in these papers, was the second formulation of quantum theory, the first being matrix mechanics due to Heisenberg.
     
   • The relation between the two formulations of wave mechanics and matrix mechanics was understood by Schrodinger immediately as this quotation from one of his 1926 papers shows:- .
     
   • To each function of the position- and momentum- coordinates in wave mechanics there may be related a matrix in such a way that these matrices, in every case satisfy the formal calculation rules of Born and Heisenberg.
     
   • The solution of the natural boundary value problem of this differential equation in wave mechanics is completely equivalent to the solution of Heisenberg's algebraic problem.
     
   • The introduction of wave mechanics stands ..
     
   • Soon after they arrived in Oxford, Schrodinger heard that, for his work on wave mechanics, he had been awarded the Nobel prize.
     
   • In 1935 Schrodinger published a three-part essay on The present situation in quantum mechanics in which his famous Schrodinger's cat paradox appears.
     
   • History Topics: Wave versus matrix mechanics .
     

6. Wigner biography
   
   • He then began the work for which he is famous, namely applying group theory to quantum mechanics.
     
   • Hilbert, already interested in quantum mechanics, felt that he needed a physicist as an assistant to complement his own expertise.
     
   • This was an important time for Wigner who produced papers of great depth and significance, introducing in his paper On the conservation laws of quantum mechanics (1927) the new concept of parity.
     
   • Wigner returned to Berlin after the year in Gottingen where he lectured on quantum mechanics, worked on writing his famous text Group theory and its application to the quantum mechanics of atomic spectra and continued his research.
     
   • In fact Wigner's book on the applications of group theory to quantum mechanics was not the first to appear, since Weyl published his a little before Wigner.
     
   • Weyl's ideas differed from those of Wigner in that he wanted to apply group representations to get a better understanding of the foundations of quantum mechanics in general and not so much to gain insight into particular problems.
     
   • epoch-making work on how symmetry is implemented in quantum mechanics, the determination of all the irreducible unitary representations of the Poincare group, and his work with Bargmann on realizing those irreducible unitary representations as the Hilbert spaces of solutions of relativistic wave equations, ..
     
   • discrete symmetries and superselection rules in quantum mechanics, symmetry implications for atomic and molecular spectra, natural line-width theory, contrast of microscopic and macroscopic physics and of general relativity and quantum mechanics, explanation of why symmetry yields more information for quantum than for classical mechanics, philosophical questions such as what nature laws should be, limits on causality, and whether quantum mechanics could in principle explain life.
     
   • course by Wigner on advanced quantum mechanics which I had the good fortune to attend at Princeton in 1940.
     

7. Stiefel biography
   
   • This work [Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Mathematical Methods in Celestial Mechanics, Math.
     
   • They feel that from the point of view of the applications to stability and vibrational questions in mechanics the variational approach is the most suitable one (as compared with the approach by differential or integral equations).
     
   • With the beginning of the space age the centre of his attention shifted to the classical but newly meaningful area of celestial mechanics.
     
   • He organised a number of very important conferences in Celestial mechanics at the Oberwolfach Research Centre in the Black Forest in Germany.
     
   • The first of the series was in 1964 followed by meetings in 1967, 1969, 1972, 1975 and 1978 [Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Mathematical Methods in Celestial Mechanics, Math.
     
   • Clearly Celestial Mechanics, with its wide range from very practical questions to very theoretical problems, is excellently suited for this purpose.
     
   • Together with G Scheifele, Stiefel published Linear and regular celestial mechanics.
     
   • This book is one of the highlights of modern celestial mechanics literature.
     
   • The book is masterfully written, with clarity, conciseness and requiring very little or no background in celestial mechanics.
     
   • Another important book on Celestial Mechanics was Methoden der analytischen Storungsrechnung und ihre Anwendungen (Methods of analytic perturbation theory and its applications) written with Urs Kirchgraber and published in 1978.
     
   • As a teacher, Stiefel was highly respected [Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Mathematical Methods in Celestial Mechanics, Math.
     
   • He was also honoured by election as chairman of the Society of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics in 1970.
     

8. Kochina biography
   
   • She was appointed as a researcher in the Mechanics Section of the Steklov Mathematical Institute where her husband had been appointed.
     
   • In 1939 Kochin became Head of the Mechanics Section of the Mechanics Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences when his section became part of the Academy.
     
   • Kochina continued her researches in the Mechanics Institute and in the following year she was awarded a Doctorate in Physical and Mathematical Science.
     
   • By this time she was lecturing on her research, not only at the Mechanics Institute, but also at the Hydrometeorological and Aircraft Building Institute and at the Aviation Academy which was attached to Moscow State University.
     
   • For the next twelve years she worked in Novosibirsk where she was Director at the Hydrodynamics Institute and also Head of the Department of Theoretical Mechanics at the University of Novosibirsk.
     
   • In 1970 Kochina returned to Moscow where she became the Director in the Mathematical Methods of Mechanics Section of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
     
   • 63 (2) (1999), 149-160.',3)">3] pay tribute to Kochina's life and her work in fluid mechanics and the history of mathematics on the occasion of her 100th birthday.
     
   • Let us now say a little about Kochina's two main areas of mathematical research, namely fluid mechanics and the history of mathematics.
     
   • Fluid mechanics was her main research area and we will look briefly at a number of her publications.
     
   • The chief part of the book of the outstanding Soviet specialist in fluid mechanics, the teacher of several generations of mechanical engineers, academician P Ya Kochina, is taken up by her "Reminiscences", which have been revised and supplemented since the first edition in 1974.
     
   • The book also contains articles devoted to various problems of applied fluid mechanics.
     

9. Heisenberg biography
   
   • Heisenberg invented matrix mechanics, the first version of quantum mechanics, in 1925.
     
   • Matrix mechanics was further developed in a three author paper by Heisenberg, Born and Jordan published in 1926.
     
   • The creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has led, among other things, to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen.
     
   • It had formerly been determined already that certain kinds of motions within the atom must be viewed as independent from one another to a certain degree, in the same way that a specific difference is made in classical mechanics between parallel motion and rotational motion.
     
   • These different kinds of motion for atoms and molecules produce different systems in Heisenberg's quantum mechanics.
     
   • As the fundamental factor of Heisenberg's theory can be put forward the rule set out by him with reference to the relationship between the position coordinate and the velocity of an electron, by which rule Planck's constant is introduced into the quantum-mechanics calculations as a determining factor.
     
   • Heisenberg's quantum mechanics has been applied by himself and others to the study of the properties of the spectra of atoms and molecules, and has yielded results which agree with experimental research.
     
   • It can be said that Heisenberg's quantum mechanics has made possible a systemization of spectra of atoms.
     
   • The great obstacles that had occupied all our efforts in the preceding years had been cleared out of the way, the gate to an entirely new field, the quantum mechanics of the atomic shells stood wide open, and fresh fruits seemed ready for the picking.
     
   • History Topics: Wave versus matrix mechanics .
     

10. Somov biography
    
    • Somov was the first in Russia to develop a geometrical approach to theoretical mechanics.
      
    • Other topics Somov studied included elliptic functions and their application to mechanics.
      
    • Turning his attention to problems of theoretical mechanics, Somov applied results obtained in analytical mechanics to specifically geometric problems.
      
    • He is rightfully considered the originator of the geometrical trend in theoretical mechanics in Russia during the second half of the nineteenth century.
      
    • In the theory of elliptical functions and their application to mechanics, he completed the solution of the problem concerning the rotation of a solid body around an immobile point in the Euler-Poinsot and Lagrange-Poisson examples.
      
    • The first in Russia to deal with the solution of kinematic problems, Somov included a chapter on this topic in his textbook on theoretical mechanics.
      
    • Among his works (all written in Russian) were Analytic theory of the undulatory motion of the ether (1847), Foundations of the theory of elliptical functions (1850), Course in differential calculus (1852), Analytic geometry (1857), Elementary algebra (1860), Descriptive geometry (1862) and the two volume treatise Rational mechanics (1872-74).
      
    • Pavel Somov created the Russian school of the theory of mechanics of machines.
      
    • He was the author of important works in the field of theoretical mechanics, theory of hinged mechanisms, synthesis of mechanisms, and screw and vectorial calculus.
      

11. Morin biography
    
    • In the 1830s he taught mechanics at Metz, He was appointed to the newly created chair of mechanics at the Conservatoire National des Arts et Metiers in 1839.
      
    • The teaching of mechanics at the Conservatoire National des Arts et Metiers had begun in 1819 and other theoretical subjects had been introduced in the 1820s.
      
    • As professor of mechanics Morin, who never renounced his army commission, drew heavily on the theoretical and practical work of his friend and teacher Poncelet and of other military officers.
      
    • Morin was Professor of Mechanics for ten years, and then in 1849 he became Director of the Conservatoire.
      
    • One might wonder how a military man became Professor of Mechanics.
      
    • Well he had spent much time undertaking research into problems of mechanics and between 1833 and 1835 he had submitted a number of important memoirs to the Academy of Sciences.
      
    • His results on mechanics were all published in the five volume work Lecons de mecanique pratique a l'usage des auditeurs des cours du Conservatoire des arts et metiers (1846-1853).
      
    • Joseph Bennett made an English translation under the title Fundamental ideas of mechanics and experimental data which was published in 1860.
      
    • He was elected to the mechanics section of the Academy of Sciences in 1843 to succeed Gaspard-Gustave de Coriolis who died in September of that year.
      

12. Hamel biography
    
    • At this time Klein was running a seminar which studied the theory of elasticity, descriptive geometry, and mechanics, and Hamel participated in this seminar.
      
    • He was then appointed assistant to Karl Heun at the Technical University of Karlsruhe in the autumn of 1902 and he presented his habilitation dissertation to the Technical University of Karlsruhe one year later, qualifying to lecture in mathematics and mechanics.
      
    • The German Technical University of Brunn was looking for a professor to fill the Chair of Mechanics which fell vacant when Karl Hellmer retired.
      
    • Hamel was appointed Professor of Mechanics at the German Technical University of Brunn on 3 October 1905.
      
    • Hamel was appointed to the chair of mechanics at the Rheinisch-Westfalische Hochschule in Aachen on 1 October 1912, then in 1919 he moved to the Technical University of Charlottenburg in Berlin where he was appointed as professor of mathematics and mechanics.
      
    • Hamel worked in function theory, mechanics and the foundations of mathematics.
      
    • He wrote a number of papers on an axiomatic theory of mechanics, the first two in 1909.
      
    • His first textbook on mechanics was Elementare Mechanik which was published in 1912 [Historia Math.
      
    • This work, which was more than 600 pages long, was devoted not only to the elements of mechanics, but also to a number of its special fields.
      

13. Levi-Civita biography
    
    • Levi-Civita was appointed to the Chair of Rational Mechanics at Padua in 1898, a post which he was to hold for 20 years.
      
    • In 1918 he was appointed to the Chair of Higher Analysis at Rome, and two years later he was appointed to the Chair of Mechanics there.
      
    • This, however, marked the start of the International Congresses of Applied Mechanics with the decision taken at the Innsbruck meeting to include all areas of applied mechanics and the first full congress took place in Delft in 1924.
      
    • Tullio Levi-Civita was one of the leading figures in the creation, in the years following World War I, of the International Congresses of Applied Mechanics, and remained an active member of the Congress committee to the end of his life.
      
    • Levi-Civita was dismissed from his professorship, forced to leave the editorial board of Zentralblatt fur Mathematik, and prevented from attending the Fifth International Congress of Applied Mechanics in the United States.
      
    • In [Italian mathematics between the two world wars (Pitagora, Bologna, 1987), 125-141.',18)">18] the authors argue that Levi-Civita was interested in the theory of stability and qualitative analysis of ordinary differential equations for three reasons: his interest in geometry and geometric models; his interest in classical mechanics and celestial mechanics, in particular, the three-body problem; and his interest in stability of movement in the domain of analytic mechanics.
      
    • In the light of modern developments in nonlinear fluid mechanics, their work strikes for modernity and depth of results.
      

14. Broglie biography
    
    • the physics of matter, based on the concepts of particles and atoms which were supposed to obey the laws of classical Newtonian mechanics, and the physics of radiation, based on the idea of wave propagation in a hypothetical continuous medium, the luminous and electromagnetic ether.
      
    • Jeans and Poincare [showed] that if the motion of the material particles in a source of light took place according to the laws of classical mechanics, then the correct law of black-body radiation, Planck's law, could not be obtained.
      
    • And I realised that, on the one hand, the Hamilton-Jacobi theory pointed somewhat in that direction, for it can be applied to particles and, in addition, it represents a geometrical optics; on the other hand, in quantum phenomena one obtains quantum numbers, which are rarely found in mechanics but occur very frequently in wave phenomena and in all problems dealing with wave motion.
      
    • De Broglie's theory of electron matter waves was later used by Schrodinger, Dirac and others to develop wave mechanics.
      
    • After receiving the Nobel Prize in 1929 De Broglie worked on extensions of wave mechanics.
      
    • Among publications on many topics he published work on Dirac's theory of the electron, on the new theory of light, on Uhlenbeck's theory of spin, and on applications of wave mechanics to nuclear physics.
      
    • He wrote at least twenty-five books including Ondes et mouvements (Waves and motions) (1926), La mecanique ondulatoire (Wave mechanics) (1928), Une tentative d'interpretation causale et non lineaire de la mecanique ondulatoire: la theorie de la double solution (1956), Introduction a la nouvelle theorie des particules de M Jean-Pierre Vigier et de ses collaborateurs (1961), Etude critique des bases de l'interpretation actuelle de la mecanique ondulatoire (1963).
      
    • The last three mentioned books were published in English translations as Non-linear Wave Mechanics: A Causal Interpretation (1960), Introduction to the Vigier Theory of elementary particles (1963), and The Current Interpretation of Wave Mechanics: A Critical Study (1964).
      
    • History Topics: Wave versus matrix mechanics .
      

15. Poncelet biography
    
    • It pushed Poncelet away from his work on projective geometry and towards mechanics.
      
    • From 1815 to 1825 he was a Captain of Engineers at Metz, overseeing the construction of machinery in the arsenal at Metz and teaching mechanics in the military college.
      
    • During this time Francois Arago urged him to accept the position of Professor of Mechanics at Metz but for a while he hesitated.
      
    • He applied mechanics to improve turbines and waterwheels more than doubling the efficiency of the waterwheel [Stronger Than a Hundred Men : A History of the Vertical Water Wheel (JHU Press, 2003).',5)">5]:- .
      
    • Poncelet was promoted to Chef de Bataillon in 1831, and then moved to Paris in 1834 when he was elected in March of that year to the mechanics section of the Academie des Sciences.
      
    • In the following year he become Professor of Mechanics at the Sorbonne.
      
    • Poncelet published many articles on geometry and mechanics in addition to those we have mentioned, particularly in Gergonne's Annales des Mathematique and Crelle's Journal.
      
    • For example the course on Mechanics Applied to Machines appeared first as lithographed notes in 1826, again as a second version in 1832, then a third definitive version with the assistance of his friend Arthur Morin in 1836.
      
    • The prize, augmented by a further sum of money, was awarded for work in pure mathematics or mechanics by the Academy of Sciences from 1876.
      

16. Arnold biography
    
    • He entered Moscow State University in 1954 as an undergraduate student in the Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics.
      
    • The constellation of great mathematicians in the same department when I was studying at the Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics was really exceptional, and I have never seen anything like it at any other place.
      
    • Pontryagin was already very weak when I was a student at the Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics, but he was perhaps the best of the lecturers.
      
    • Following this he was appointed as an assistant in the Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics at Moscow State University.
      
    • He continued to work towards his doctorate (equivalent to the habilitation) and this was awarded by the Institute of Applied Mathematics in Moscow in 1963 for the thesis Small denominators and stability problems in classical and celestial mechanics.
      
    • In 1965 Arnold became a Professor in the Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics at Moscow State University, a position he held until 1986 when he took up the position of Principal Researcher at the Steklov Institute of Mathematics in Moscow.
      
    • The areas are Dynamical Systems, Differential Equations, Hydrodynamics, Magnetohydrodynamics, Classical and Celestial Mechanics, Geometry, Topology, Algebraic Geometry, Symplectic Geometry, and Singularity Theory.
      
    • He published Problemes ergodiques de la mecanique classique (with A Avez) (1967), Ordinary differential equations (Russian) (1971), Mathematical methods of classical mechanics (Russian) (1974), Supplementary chapters to the theory of ordinary differential equations (Russian) (1978), Singularity theory (1981), Singularities of differentiable mappings (Russian) (with A N Varchenko and S M Gusein-Zade) (1982), Catastrophe theory (1984), Huygens and Barrow, Newton and Hooke (Russian) (1989), Contact geometry and wave propagation (1989), Singularities of caustics and wave fronts (1990), The theory of singularities and its applications (1991), Topological invariants of plane curves and caustics (1994), Lectures on partial differential equations (Russian) (1997), Topological methods in hydrodynamics (with B A Khesin) (1998), and Arnold problems (Russian) (2000).
      
    • The face of modern mathematics would be unrecognisable without his work in dynamical systems, classical and celestial mechanics, singularity theory, topology, real and complex algebraic geometry, symplectic and contact geometry, hydrodynamics, variation calculus, differential geometry, potential theory, mathematical physics, superposition theory, etc.
      
    • Arnold also produced extremely fruitful ideas, relating classical mechanics to questions of topology.
      

17. Prager biography
    
    • In 1932 Prager was appointed as Professor of Technical Mechanics at Karlsruhe.
      
    • The Nazi regime forced Prager out of the professorship and in 1934 he left Germany to go to Turkey where he was appointed as Professor of Theoretical Mechanics at the University of Istanbul.
      
    • He also wrote textbooks in Turkish for his students, one on descriptive geometry and another on elementary mechanics.
      
    • Brown University, in Providence Rhode Island, took the opportunity to expand its graduate programme by offering Prager the position of Director of Advanced Instruction and Research in Mechanics.
      
    • established the Division of Applied Mathematics at Brown in 1946, served as its first Chairmen, and guided its research and teaching by gathering round him younger people in a wide variety of fields of applied mechanics, applied mathematics, physics and engineering.
      
    • His own research during this period covered an enormous diversity of topics in the mechanics of continua of all types, problems of traffic flow, and applications of computers to problems in economics and engineering.
      
    • The German version is titled Einfuhrung in die Kontinuumsmechanik while the English one is Introduction to mechanics of continua.
      
    • In this work Prager aimed to provide students with the common fundamentals of the various areas of hydrodynamics, elasticity, plasticity, etc., that constitute continuum mechanics.
      

18. Ehrenfest biography
    
    • He obtained his doctorate from Vienna in 1904, under Boltzmann's supervision, on a topic in classical mechanics The motion of rigid bodies in fluids and the mechanics of Hertz.
      
    • Klein asked him to write, jointly with his wife if he wished, an article on statistical mechanics.
      
    • Together with his wife he worked on the review article on statistical mechanics which took longer to complete than expected.
      
    • Ehrenfest's arguments were based both on Newton's celestial mechanics and also on Einstein's relativity theory.
      
    • He recognised that Ampere's molecular currents are incompatible with classical statistical mechanics.
      
    • Ehrenfest's graduate lectures consisted of a two-year course: Maxwell theory, ending with the theory of electrons and some relativity, one year; and statistical mechanics, ending with atomic structure and quantum theory the other.
      
    • In 1925 when quantum mechanics began to dominate work in theoretical physics, Ehrenfest felt he had problems [The Niels Bohr Archives (Copenhagen, unpublished).',9)">9]:- .
      

19. Koenigs biography
    
    • In 1883 he was appointed as a lecturer in mechanics at the Faculty of Sciences at Bresancon then, two years later, as a lecturer in mathematical analysis at Toulouse.
      
    • He returned to the Ecole Normale Superieure in Paris in 1886 where he was appointed as a mathematics lecturer, but he also held an appointment at the College de France where he taught analytical mechanics.
      
    • He became an assistant professor of physical and experimental mechanics at the Sorbonne in 1895, being promoted to full professor there two years later.
      
    • Koenigs henceforth devoted himself to the elaboration of a method of teaching mechanics based on integrating theoretical studies and experimental research with industrial applications.
      
    • He created a laboratory of theoretical and experimental mechanics designed especially for the study of various types of heat engines and for perfecting different testing procedures.
      
    • Koenigs studied analytic mechanics where he applied Poincare's theory of integral invariants.
      
    • He also received the Poncelet Prize in 1913 for his contributions to geometry and mechanics.
      
    • He was elected to Mechanics section of the Academy of Sciences on 18 March 1918, having failed to be elected in 1892.
      

20. Batchelor biography
    
    • Batchelor began to examine Kolmogorov's approach to turbulence and in 1946 he presented his interpretation of Kolmogorov's work to the Sixth International Congress for Applied Mechanics in Paris.
      
    • He addressed the Seventh International Congress for Applied Mechanics in 1948, speaking on Recent developments in turbulence research.
      
    • In May 1956 Batchelor founded the Journal of Fluid Mechanics and he edited the journal until January 1999.
      
    • 387 (1999), 1-2.',1)">1], ascribes to Batchelor the high standing of the Journal of Fluid Mechanics due to his:- .
      
    • insistence not only on the highest standards of scientific work but on the highest standards of clarity and presentation in Journal of Fluid Mechanics papers.
      
    • [Batchelor's] concerns over clarity of exposition are evidenced also by his own papers in Journal of Fluid Mechanics, by his celebrated textbook (still regularly reprinted), and by his trenchantly critical Journal of Fluid Mechanics book reviews (for example "This is slipshod writing and it is sheer irresponsibility to put it into print").
      

21. Magiros biography
    
    • His first appointment was as a lecturer in mechanics and geodesy but later he was promoted to professor of mathematics.
      
    • Magiros was then appointed as professor of mathematics and mechanics at Hofstra University in Hempstead, New York (founded in 1935 on land donated by businessman William S Hofstra).
      
    • The book [Selected papers of Demetrios G Magiros: Applied mathematics, nonlinear mechanics, and dynamical systems analysis (D.
      
    • Nonlinear mechanics.
      
    • This part includes papers on subharmonic oscillations and principal modes, and celestial mechanics and orbital mechanics.
      
    • Tzafestas, in [S G Tzafestas (ed.), Selected papers of Demetrios G Magiros: Applied mathematics, nonlinear mechanics, and dynamical systems analysis (D.
      

22. Coulomb biography
    
    • Over the next twenty years he was posted to a variety of different places where he was involved in engineering, in structural design, fortifications, soil mechanics, and many other areas.
      
    • It was a period during which he showed the practical side of his engineering skills which were needed to organise the construction, but his experiences would play a major role in the later theoretical memoirs he wrote on mechanics.
      
    • However, he now began to write important works on applied mechanics and he presented his first work to the Academie des Sciences in Paris in 1773.
      
    • In the latter he developed a generalised sliding wedge theory of soil mechanics that remains in use today in basic engineering practice.
      
    • A reason, perhaps, for the relative neglect of this portion of Coulomb's work was that he sought to demonstrate the use of variational calculus in formulating methods of approach to fundamental problems in structural mechanics rather than to give numerical solutions to specific problems.
      
    • During his time at Rochefort, Coulomb carried on his research into mechanics, in particular using the shipyards in Rochefort as laboratories for his experiments.
      
    • He was elected to the mechanics section of the Academie des Sciences as a result of this work, and he moved to Paris where he now held a permanent post.
      

23. Meshchersky biography
    
    • He then entered the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of St Petersburg University where he studied mathematics and mechanics.
      
    • In the following year he was appointed to the chair of mechanics at St Petersburg Women's College and he held this, in addition to a number of other posts, until 1919 when the College ceased to exist as an independent institution being incorporated into St Petersburg University.
      
    • He undertook research on mechanics, publishing works such as The pressure on a wedge in a two-dimensional stream of unbounded width in 1886.
      
    • Meshchersky obtained a complete solution for this more complex case of flow around a nonsymmetric wedge and the paper [Studies in the history of physics and mechanics (Moscow, 1988), 201-217.',3)">3] considers in detail the mathematical methods which he used, in particular comparing his methods to analogous ones of Western authors.
      
    • He published The teaching of mechanics in certain institutions of higher education in Italy, France, Switzerland and Germany in 1895.
      
    • The course which Meshchersky developed in mechanics became famous and in 1914 he published a textbook on the topic A collection of problems of mechanics.
      

24. D'Alembert biography
    
    • In 1740 he submitted a second work on the mechanics of fluids which was praised by Clairaut.
      
    • This also contains d'Alembert's principle of mechanics.
      
    • This is an important work and the preface contains a clear statement by d'Alembert of an attempt to lay a firm foundation for mechanics.
      
    • d'Alembert was a mathematician, not a physicist, and he believed mechanics was just as much a part of mathematics as geometry or algebra.
      
    • Rational mechanics was a science based on simple necessary principles from which all particular phenomenon could be deduced by rigorous mathematical methods.
      
    • d'Alembert thought mechanics should be made into a completely rationalistic mathematical system.
      
    • D'Alembert stated his position clearly that he believed mechanics to be based on metaphysical principles and not on experimental evidence.
      

25. Khinchin biography
    
    • From the 1940s his work changed direction again and this time he became interested in the theory of statistical mechanics.
      
    • Khinchin published Mathematical Principles of Statistical Mechanics in 1943.
      
    • It showed how to make classical statistical mechanics into a mathematically rigorous subject, developing a consistent presentation of the topic.
      
    • Topics covered included: local limit theorems for sums of identically distributed random variables; the foundations of quantum mechanics; general principles of quantum statistics; the foundations of the statistics of photons; entropy; and the second law of thermodynamics.
      
    • The book has been rated as being equal in quality to von Neumann's masterpiece Mathematical foundations of quantum mechanics.
      
    • Preface to A I Khinchin's Statistical Mechanics .
      
    • Introduction to A I Khinchin's Statistical Mechanics .
      

26. Kotelnikov biography
    
    • After this he taught at a gymnasium in Kazan before entering the Department of Mechanics at Kazan to work for his university teachers qualification.
      
    • The thesis he presented for the Master's Degree was The Cross-Product Calculus and Certain of its Applications in Geometry and Mechanics.
      
    • This thesis applied vector methods in theoretical mechanics, and he was to teach this vector approach to mechanics throughout his life.
      
    • He also applied this to mechanics in non-euclidean spaces.
      
    • After 10 years he went back to Kiev again, this time o become Head of Theoretical Mechanics at the Polytechnical Institute.
      
    • He also worked on quaternions and applied them to mechanics and geometry.
      

27. Lagrange biography
    
    • In 1756 Lagrange sent Euler results that he had obtained on applying the calculus of variations to mechanics.
      
    • In papers which were published in the third volume, Lagrange studied the integration of differential equations and made various applications to topics such as fluid mechanics (where he introduced the Lagrangian function).
      
    • His work in Berlin covered many topics: astronomy, the stability of the solar system, mechanics, dynamics, fluid mechanics, probability, and the foundations of the calculus.
      
    • Although Lagrange had made numerous major contributions to mechanics, he had not produced a comprehensive work.
      
    • The Mecanique analytique summarised all the work done in the field of mechanics since the time of Newton and is notable for its use of the theory of differential equations.
      
    • With this work Lagrange transformed mechanics into a branch of mathematical analysis.
      

28. Mackey biography
    
    • His interest in physics continued, however, and he published A theorem of Stone and von Neumann (1949) in which he generalised a theorem about quantum mechanics proved by Stone and von Neumann in 1930.
      
    • In the spring of 1960 he gave a lecture course at Harvard University on the mathematical foundations of quantum mechanics.
      
    • An edited version of these lectures became his famous classic text The mathematical foundations of quantum mechanics published in 1963:- .
      
    • the aim of the book is to explain, or at least to illuminate, the essential aspects of classical and quantum mechanics from a point of view more congenial to pure mathematicians than that encountered in physics texts.
      
    • But the author's theory is surprisingly versatile, with applications in number theory, harmonic analysis, ergodic theory, quantum mechanics, and statistical mechanics, and these applications are worked out in detail..
      
    • The new material in the present book is concentrated in the last 50 pages and it centres around lattice models in statistical mechanics, PDEs in hydrodynamics, Kac-Moody Lie algebras, and the Korteweg-de Vries equation.
      

29. Lighthill biography
    
    • He also launched two major new fields in fluid mechanics.
      
    • was initiated by a famous 100-page article written in 1956 in honour of the 70th birthday of another great mechanics scientist Sir Geoffrey Taylor.
      
    • widened his range yet further with work on control systems; on active control of sound, or antisound; more and more on waves; on oceanography and atmospheric dynamics, including monsoon prediction and propagation; and on biological mechanics at the microscopic level.
      
    • as Lucasian Professor, he was fully seized both of the laws of mechanics and of his duty to society not to waste energy, the latter compelling him to desist from applying the brake on any downhill section of road.
      
    • In the early 1970s he was a main speaker at the British Theoretical Mechanics Colloquium in St Andrews and on the afternoon off he chose not to go on the conference bus trip.
      
    • He also served as president of the International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics from 1984 to 1988.
      

30. Poincare biography
    
    • He made contributions to numerous branches of mathematics, celestial mechanics, fluid mechanics, the special theory of relativity and the philosophy of science.
      
    • In the field of celestial mechanics he studied the three-body-problem, and the theories of light and of electromagnetic waves.
      
    • Poincare was awarded the prize for a memoir he submitted on the 3-body problem in celestial mechanics.
      
    • Poincare's other major works on celestial mechanics include Les Methodes nouvelles de la mecanique celeste in three volumes published between 1892 and 1899 and Lecons de mecanique celeste (1905).
      
    • The breadth of his research led to him being the only member elected to every one of the five sections of the Academy, namely the geometry, mechanics, physics, geography and navigation sections.
      

31. Leimanis biography
    
    • He next went to Copenhagen Astronomical Observatory where he studied celestial mechanics.
      
    • Immediately he was on his travels again, this time going to Paris where he spent a year at the Henri Poincare Institute undertaking research on differential equations and celestial mechanics.
      
    • Back in Riga, he was appointed as a dozent in 1937 in the Department of Theoretical Astronomy and Analytical Mechanics at the University of Latvia.
      
    • In 1958 Leimanis published Some recent advances in the dynamics of rigid bodies and celestial mechanics.
      
    • Dynamics and nonlinear mechanics.
      
    • This article is part of the Surveys in Applied Mathematics and were written as a joint project of the Office Of Naval Research and Applied Mechanics Reviews.
      

32. Frenkel biography
    
    • By the end of the fifth grade I had learnt the whole mathematics course, and by the time I graduated from the Gymnasium, most of the university course in mathematics, mechanics and physics.
      
    • He published the first volume of Wave mechanics in 1932 with the second volume appearing in 1934.
      
    • If you think this means that a whole year went by without Frenkel publishing a book then you would be wrong for between the two volumes of Wave mechanics he published Statistical physics in 1933.
      
    • Other major books included Analytical mechanics (1935) and Theoretical mechanics based on vector and tensor analysis (1940).
      
    • His book were seen to oppose the deterministic Socialist philosophy, particularly his work on quantum mechanics.
      

33. Weyl biography
    
    • With his application of group theory to quantum mechanics he set up the modern subject.
      
    • It was his lecture course on group theory and quantum mechanics in Zurich in session 1927-28 which led to his third major text Gruppentheorie und Quantenmechanik published in 1928.
      
    • [In the fourth lecture he] shows how the special theory of relativity is essentially the study of the inherent symmetry of the four-dimensional space-time continuum, where the symmetry operations are the Lorentz transformations; and how the symmetry operations of an atom, according to quantum mechanics, include the permutations of its peripheral electrons.
      
    • Preface to H Weyl's Theory of groups and quantum mechanics - First Edition .
      
    • Preface to H Weyl's Theory of groups and quantum mechanics - Second Edition .
      
    • Introduction to H Weyl's theory of groups and quantum mechanics .
      

34. Korteweg biography
    
    • Korteweg originally intended to become an engineer but, although he maintained an interest in mechanics and other applications of mathematics throughout his life, his love of mathematics made him change direction for the second time when he was not enjoying the technical courses at Delft.
      
    • He then enrolled in mathematics and mechanics courses qualifying him to become a high school teacher.
      
    • He remained at Amsterdam becoming the professor of mathematics, mechanics and astronomy there in September 1881.
      
    • His subsequent work included studies of electricity, statistical mechanics, thermodynamics and further contributions to wave propagation.
      
    • He also collaborated with van der Waals, publishing joint papers with him on topics in electricity, statistical mechanics, and thermodynamics.
      
    • Korteweg showed a similar versatility in his teaching, with his usual courses being analytic and projective geometry, mechanics, astronomy and probability theory.
      

35. Uhlenbeck biography
    
    • Ehrenfest's graduate lectures consisted of a two-year course: Maxwell theory, ending with the theory of electrons and some relativity, one year; and statistical mechanics, ending with atomic structure and quantum theory the other.
      
    • It was of fundamental importance in quantum mechanics, systematising statistical notions and expanding on the electron spin ideas which had announced two years earlier.
      
    • As well as fundamental work on quantum mechanics, Uhlenbeck worked on atomic structure and the kinetic theory of matter.
      
    • Uhlenbeck had a very significant influence on statistical mechanics and brought an area which was very varied and disjointed into some sort of structured whole.
      
    • With superbly organised and extremely clear lectures, he laid bare for everyone to see the beautiful structure of statistical mechanics, based on the principles of the founding fathers, Maxwell, Boltzmann, and Gibbs.
      
    • In doing so, he educated several generations of physicists in statistical mechanics in a style rare in this century.
      

36. Lifshitz biography
    
    • After finishing secondary school in 1929, I studied for two years at the chemical college, and went in 1931 to the physics and mechanics faculty of Kharkov Mechanics and Machine Building Institute where I graduated in 1933, having completed the examinations and had a diploma thesis accepted.
      
    • As well as doing scientific work, I taught at various educational institutions: Kharkov University, Kharkov Mechanics and Machine Building Institute, Kharkov Chemical Technology Institute, Moscow University and the Pedagogical Institute.
      
    • The chapters of the book indicates the main topics of Lifshitz's research: Mechanics, theory of fields, quantum mechanics, quantum electrodynamics, classical statistical physics, quantum statistical physics, fluid mechanics, theory of elasticity, electrodynamics of continuous media, physical kinetics.
      

37. Konigsberger biography
    
    • Among Kummer's courses that he attended were higher number theory, the theory of surfaces, mechanics, and analytical geometry.
      
    • My lectures on differential and integral calculus, mechanics, etc.
      
    • He contributed to many fields of mathematics, most notably to analysis and analytic mechanics.
      
    • His approach to the differential equations of analytic mechanics showed novelty [Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970-1990).',1)">1]:- .
      
    • My further work led me now more and more into analytical mechanics, and I published in mathematical journals and in the proceedings of various academies a greater number of articles dealing with the extension of the principles of mechanics and potential theory ..
      

38. Krylov Nikolai biography
    
    • He also applied his methods to non-linear oscillatory problems in 1932 and, in so doing, laid the foundations for non-linear mechanics.
      
    • With his collaborator and former student N N Bogolyubov, he published On Rayleigh's principle in the theory of differential equations of mathematical physics and on Euler's method in calculus of variations (1927-8) and On the quasiperiodic solutions of the equations of the nonlinear mechanics.
      
    • The most famous publication of Krylov and Bogolyubov is their book Introduction to nonlinear mechanics, published in Kiev in 1937.
      
    • In [Problems in the history of mathematics and mechanics (Inst.
      
    • This paper began their work which established the theory of perturbations and transitions of state on a new and uniform basis, both in classical mechanics and quantum mechanics.
      

39. Philon biography
    
    • Heron of Alexandria mentions a work by Philon On automatic theatres which in fact forms part of his Mechanics treatise.
      
    • Eutocius also mentions Philon and cites a work by him on the duplication of the cube and this material is again contained in his Mechanics treatise.
      
    • Perhaps the most information about Philon's life, and this is very little indeed, comes from the only work of his which has survived (at least major parts have survived) Mechanics.
      
    • From this information we can date Philon fairly accurately and we know that he wrote his treatise Mechanics around 250 BC.
      
    • Before describing the contents of Philon's masterpiece Mechanics let us give some small details of Philon's life which can be deduced from comments which he makes in this text.
      
    • What exactly was in Philon's Mechanics treatise? We know that it had nine books: .
      

40. Born biography
    
    • Beginning in 1926, Born collaborated with Pauli and Heisenberg, who was a student of Born's, on quantum mechanics (the term "quantum mechanics" is due to Born).
      
    • He recognised Heisenberg's approach to quantum mechanics as being matrix algebra.
      
    • Born produced work of fundamental importance in quantum mechanics beginning with this collaboration.
      
    • for his contributions to theoretical physics an general and to the development of quantum mechanics in particular.
      
    • History Topics: Wave versus matrix mechanics .
      

41. Chebyshev biography
    
    • Brashman was particularly interested in mechanics but his interests were wide ranging and, in addition to courses on mechanical engineering and hydraulics, he taught his students the theory of integration of algebraic functions and the calculus of probability.
      
    • We mentioned above his report on that trip during which he had the opportunity to investigate various steam engines and their mechanics in practice.
      
    • His report covers his studies of applied mechanics as well as his discussions with French mathematicians including Liouville, Bienayme, Hermite, Serret, Lebesgue, Poncelet, and English mathematicians including Cayley and Sylvester.
      
    • [I attended] with particular pleasure one of his lectures on theoretical mechanics.
      
    • Legendre and Laplace had encountered the Legendre polynomials in their work on celestial mechanics in the late eighteenth century.
      
    • In mechanics he studied problems involved in converting rotary motion into rectilinear motion by mechanical coupling.
      

42. Ehrenfest-Afanassjewa biography
    
    • Klein asked Paul and Tatiana Ehrenfest to write an article on statistical mechanics.
      
    • Tatiana, along with her husband, also worked on the review article on statistical mechanics which took longer to complete than expected.
      
    • An English translation under the title The conceptual foundations of the statistical approach in mechanics appeared in 1959 (and was reprinted in 1990).
      
    • It consists of a critical discussion of the foundations of (classical) statistical mechanics, in particular, the use of the concept 'probability', Boltzmann's H-theorem, the objections of Loschmidt and Zermelo and the various attempts to overcome them, and the difference between the approaches of Boltzmann and Gibbs.
      
    • Since the theory of irreversible processes has become an important branch of statistical mechanics, this discussion has gained new interest.
      

43. Nekrasov biography
    
    • In fact Nekrasov worked for a Master's degree in both astronomy and mechanics and he qualified for these in 1909 and 1911.
      
    • Appointed an assistant professor in the Department of Astronomy and Geodesy in 1912, he became an assistant professor in the Department of Theoretical Mechanics in the following year.
      
    • In addition to Moscow University he worked at the Higher Technical School, the Central Aerohydrodynamics Institute, the Sergo Orjonikidze Aviation Institute, and the Institute of Mechanics at the USSR Academy of Sciences.
      
    • Chaplygin, a student of Zhukovsky, wrote first on hydrodynamics under Zhukovsky's influence, in particular he worked on the mechanics of liquids and gases studying jet stream flow in the 1890s.
      
    • He was the author of an excellent two volume text on vector mechanics, the first volume being published in 1945 with the second in the following year.
      

44. Varignon biography
    
    • In 1687 Varignon published Projet d'une nouvelle mechanique which studied composition of forces using Leibniz's differential calculus in the study of mechanics.
      
    • Varignon's chief contributions were to graphical statics and mechanics.
      
    • Although Varignon made no major mathematical contributions, he developed analytic dynamics by adapting Leibniz's calculus to the inertial mechanics of Newton's Principia being one of the first French scholars to recognise the power and importance of the calculus.
      
    • For Varignon, to have derived Torricelli's law jointly from the axiom according to which "causes are always proportional to their effects", from the principles of mechanics and from the general laws of motion was to have proved it "by reason alone".
      
    • He thus implicitly attributed to mechanics the same demonstrative perfection that Euclidean geometry had been thought to possess.
      

45. Rankine biography
    
    • It was a strict religious upbringing with his father teaching him not only arithmetical skills but also mechanics.
      
    • Rankine was appointed to the regius chair of civil engineering and mechanics at Glasgow in 1855.
      
    • inaugural address espoused the harmony of theory with practice in mechanics, and outlined a tripartite theory of knowledge - theory, practice, and the application of theory to practice - which left room for a new breed of engineering scientists to bridge theoretical and practical domains.
      
    • Rankine also wrote on fatigue in the metal of railway axles, on earth pressures in soil mechanics, and the stability of walls.
      
    • Among his most important works are Manual of Applied Mechanics (1858), Manual of the Steam Engine and Other Prime Movers (1859), Civil Engineering (1862), Machinery and Millwork (1869), Useful Rules and Tables (1866), Mechanical Textbook (1873), and On the Thermodynamic Theory of Waves of Finite Longitudinal Disturbance.
      

46. Hertz Heinrich biography
    
    • In mechanics Hertz followed Kirchhoff and considered only length, time and mass as the fundamental entities, force being a derived concept.
      
    • In Die Prinzipien der Mechanik (Principles of mechanics) Hertz hoped to explain all electromagnetic phenomena, in terms of a mechanical aether [Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970-1990).',1)">1]:- .
      
    • Hertz explained in the Introduction to the 'Principles' that to construct a mechanics capable of accounting for the lawful interaction of perceptible bodies it was necessary to add a hypothesis to the three concepts [length, time and mass].
      
    • In [The symbolic universe, Milton Keynes, 1996 (Oxford University Press, New York, 1999), 25-46.',19)">19] he talks about Hertz's approach to mechanics having three novelties: (1) a philosophical introduction, (2) an account of mechanics that does not introduce force as a basic concept, and (3) a geometric form.
      

47. Libermann biography
    
    • Perhaps she is best known for her monograph Symplectic geometry and analytical mechanics written jointly with Charles-Michel Marle.
      
    • The present work is an advanced textbook which gives a systematic exposition of the theory of symplectic, Poisson and contact manifolds, and their applications in Hamiltonian mechanics.
      
    • The book contains five chapters: Symplectic vector spaces and symplectic vector bundles; Semibasic and vertical differential forms in mechanics; Symplectic manifolds and Poisson manifolds; Action of a Lie group on a symplectic manifold; and Contact manifolds.
      
    • For example she gave a survey of various geometric concepts and results used in analytical mechanics in her lecture Liouville forms, parallelisms and Cartan connections to the Jean Leray '99 Conference, and reviewed and summarized the theory of Cartan connections in her lecture Cartan connections and momentum maps given at the Classical and Quantum Integrability conference held in Warsaw in 2001.
      
    • She continued to help to run the Geometry and Mechanics seminar in Paris until the end of 2006.
      

48. Friedmann biography
    
    • This group discussed quantum theory, relativity and statistical mechanics.
      
    • Friedmann began to study for his Master's Degree and, in 1911, became involved with a circle formed to study mathematical analysis and mechanics.
      
    • At Perm Friedmann set up an Institute of Mechanics and became a member of the editorial board of the Journal of the newly founded Physico-Mathematical Society of Perm University.
      
    • He began teaching mathematics and mechanics at Petrograd University, became a professor in the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of the Petrograd Polytechnic Institute, worked in the Department of Applied Aeronautics at Petrograd Institute of Railway Engineering, worked at the Naval Academy and undertook research at the Atomic Commission at the Optical Institute.
      
    • He discussed meteorology, aeronautics and mechanics.
      

49. Jacobi biography
    
    • Jacobi in his lectures on analytical mechanics (Berlin, 1847 - 1848) ..
      
    • gave a detailed and critical discussion of Lagrange's mechanics.
      
    • Lagrange's view that mechanics could be pursued as an axiomatic-deductive science forms the centre of Jacobi's criticism and is rejected on mathematical and philosophical grounds.
      
    • Intelligencer 19 (3) (1997), 48-54.',22)">22] Pulte shows that Jacobi only came to hold these views on analytical mechanics only later in his life, for earlier he had ignored the physical interpretation of mechanics in favour of a purely axiomatic and mathematical approach.
      

50. Moser Jurgen biography
    
    • During this period he took notes of Siegel's lectures which became the basis for Siegel's 1956 book, then later became the basis of a joint book Lectures on celestial mechanics published in German in 1971 with an English translation appearing in 1995.
      
    • Moser worked in ordinary differential equations, partial differential equations, spectral theory, celestial mechanics, and stability theory.
      
    • Based on initial ideas by Kolmogorov, presented in his famous address to the International Congress in 1954, this theory provided a stunning new approach to stability problems in celestial mechanics.
      
    • They aimed to write an introductory text with complete proofs using examples from physics and celestial mechanics to illustrate the theory.
      
    • For his fundamental work on stability in Hamiltonian mechanics and his profound and influential contributions to nonlinear differential equations.
      

51. Von Neumann biography
    
    • It was in this period also that he began his classical work on quantum theory, the mathematical foundation of the theory of measurement in quantum theory and the new statistical mechanics.
      
    • His text Mathematische Grundlagen der Quantenmechanik (1932) built a solid framework for the new quantum mechanics.
      
    • Quantum mechanics was very fortunate indeed to attract, in the very first years after its discovery in 1925, the interest of a mathematical genius of von Neumann's stature.
      
    • His interest in ergodic theory, group representations and quantum mechanics contributed significantly to von Neumann's realisation that a theory of operator algebras was the next important stage in the development of this area of mathematics.
      
    • An idea of Koopman on the possibilities of treating problems of classical mechanics by means of operators on a function space stimulated him to give the first mathematically rigorous proof of an ergodic theorem.
      

52. Reynolds biography
    
    • In my boyhood I had the advantage of the constant guidance of my father, also a lover of mechanics, and a man of no mean attainments in mathematics and its application to physics.
      
    • From my earliest recollection I have had an irresistible liking for mechanics and the physical laws on which mechanics as a science is based.
      
    • An account of Reynolds' work on hydrodynamic stability published in 1883 and 1895 is looked at in [Annual review of fluid mechanics 22 (1990), 1-11.',9)">9].
      
    • He believed that all engineering students, no matter what their speciality, should have a common background based in mathematics, physics, and particularly the fundamentals of classical mechanics.
      

53. Brashman biography
    
    • There he taught mathematics and mechanics.
      
    • At Moscow he promoted the subject which he loved most, namely mechanics.
      
    • His texts on mathematics and mechanics reflect the state of science at that time, and his proofs of important theorems show originality, clarity and comprehensiveness.
      
    • The following year his textbook on mechanics, covering statics and hydrostatics using a highly original presentation, again won him the whole of the Demidov Prize.
      
    • Brashman wrote research articles on the Principle of Least Action which are important in the development of mechanics.
      

54. Mazya biography
    
    • After the war, Maz'ya entered the Faculty of Mathematics and Mechanics of Leningrad State University when he was eighteen years old.
      
    • After graduating, Maz'ya was appointed as a Junior Research Scientist at the Mathematics and Mechanics Institute of Leningrad University.
      
    • In addition to his position at the Mathematics and Mechanics Institute of Leningrad University, Maz'ya was appointed as professor in the Department of Mathematics of the Leningrad Shipbuilding Institute in 1968.
      
    • In 1986 he was appointed as Head of the Laboratory of Mathematical Models in Mechanics at Leningrad Institute of Engineering Studies which was part of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
      
    • Maz'ya lists his mathematical interests as: linear and non-linear PDEs; asymptotic and numerical methods for PDEs, including homogenization and boundary elements; spectral theory; harmonic analysis; approximation theory; wavelets; elasticity theory; function spaces; ill-posed problems; non-linear potential theory; fluid mechanics; and the history of mathematics.
      

55. Camus biography
    
    • also undertook work in civil and military architecture, mechanics, and astronomy.
      
    • On 13 August 1727 he was elected as an assistant in the mechanics division of the Academie on the strength of his memoir.
      
    • Many of Camus's publications appeared in the Memoires de l'Academie royale des Sciences and they are both on mathematics and mechanics.
      
    • His other mechanics work includes [Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970-1990).',1)">1]:- .
      
    • This work was to be in four parts, arithmetic, geometry, mechanics, and hydraulics.
      

56. Delaunay biography
    
    • It turned out to be a decision which changed the course of Delaunay's career, for reading Laplace's great works gave him a passion for celestial mechanics and he decided that he would make a career in that subject.
      
    • From 1845 to 1850 he taught courses at the Ecole des Mines; these were descriptive geometry, stereotomy, mechanical drawing, analytical mechanics, and elementary physics.
      
    • He taught mechanics at the Ecole Polytechnique from 1850 being named Professor of Mechanics there in 1851.
      
    • He also held a chair of mechanics at the Sorbonne from 1850.
      

57. Krylov Nikolai S biography
    
    • It is quite incredible how he continued research, developing his ideas on statistical mechanics, while subjected to appalling suffering from shortages of supplies.
      
    • Krylov's place in the history of statistical mechanics is quite special.
      
    • he came after the developments in probability theory and ergodic theory of the first three decades of this century which represented the first major impact of statistical mechanics on mathematics (the work of Poincare, Birkhoff, von Neumann, Hopf, Kolmogorov, Khinchin, Wiener, ..
      
    • He tried, and in this he was ahead of his time, to re-examine the fundamental physical issues of statistical mechanics in the light of these new mathematical insights.
      
    • His works, in which he tried to re-examine the fundamental problems of statistical mechanics in the light of developments in ergodic theory and probability theory, were far ahead of his time.
      

58. Landau Lev biography
    
    • These include Statistical physics (1938), Mechanics, Field theory, Quantum mechanics, and Theory of elasticity.
      
    • The chapters of the book indicates the main topics of their joint research: Mechanics, theory of fields, quantum mechanics, quantum electrodynamics, classical statistical physics, quantum statistical physics, fluid mechanics, theory of elasticity, electrodynamics of continuous media, and physical kinetics.
      

59. Krylov Aleksei biography
    
    • While using mathematics and mechanics to work out his theory of ships, Krylov simultaneously improved the methods of both disciplines.
      
    • This obvious interest in the history of mathematics and mechanics come over in Krylov's work in a number of ways [Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970-1990).',1)">1]:- .
      
    • Krylov's practical interests were combined with a deep understanding of the ideas and methods of classical mathematics and mechanics of the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries; and in the world of Newton, Euler, and Gauss, he found forgotten methods that were applicable to the solution of contemporary problems.
      
    • In 1943 he published Thoughts and materials on teaching mechanics.
      

60. Bour biography
    
    • Both were on celestial mechanics, one on the three body problem and the other on the theory of attraction.
      
    • This was in July 1855 and he was appointed as professor of mechanics and mining at the Ecole des Mines in Saint-Etienne.
      
    • Because of this Bour turned to concentrate entirely on the mechanics course that he was teaching at the Ecole Polytechnique.
      
    • Bour made many significant contributions to analysis, algebra, geometry and applied mechanics despite his early death from an incurable disease.
      

61. Moisil biography
    
    • Moisil submitted his doctoral thesis Analytical Mechanics of Continuous Systems in 1929 and the examining committee was lead by Titeica, with Pompeiu and other mathematicians also on the committee.
      
    • Before reading this work Moisil had worked on differential equations, the theory of functions and mechanics.
      
    • It was a period in which he alternated his old interests in continuous mathematics with applications to mechanics and physics with his new interests in discrete mathematics, mainly in algebra and logic.
      
    • Professor Moisil has cultivated with great pleasure and passion the boundary sciences and has created various schools - mechanics, automata theory, etc.
      

62. Feynman biography
    
    • There was no course on quantum mechanics, a topic that Feynman was very keen to study, so together with a fellow undergraduate, T A Welton, he began to read the available texts in the spring of 1936.
      
    • By 1937 Feynman was reading Dirac's The principles of quantum mechanics and seeing how his highly original ideas fitted into Dirac's approach.
      
    • However, he then went on to develop a new approach to quantum mechanics using the principle of least action.
      
    • Feynman's main contribution was to quantum mechanics, following on from the work of his doctoral thesis.
      

63. Herglotz biography
    
    • Among his lecture courses we mention Lie groups, continuum mechanics, geometrical optics, and functions with a positive real part.
      
    • His lecture course on continuum mechanics was published in 1985, about 50 years after Herglotz gave the lectures.
      
    • A reader should not expect to learn the mechanics of continua from this book as it is more in the tradition of Carslaw, Lichtenstein and even Carl Neumann rather than A E H Love or Horace Lamb: there is more technical mathematics than physical understanding and detailed calculation.
      
    • There are two sections, one of five chapters on classical theory of the mechanics of continua based on Hamilton's principle and another of four chapters on partial differential equations.
      

64. Crofton biography
    
    • The army required applied mathematics to be taught in its courses at Woolwich to provide the necessary skills for the army personnel and Crofton taught there courses on mechanics and engineering mathematics.
      
    • He wrote a textbook as a consequence of the lecture courses he taught, publishing Lectures on the elements of applied mechanics in 1877.
      
    • He also collaborated with E Kensington on a second textbook Tracts on mechanics.
      
    • One might imagine that someone who held the chair of Natural Philosophy at Galway and then taught applied mechanics at the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich would be interested in research in applied mathematics.
      

65. Zhukovsky biography
    
    • After two years teaching at the Gymnasium, Zhukovskii received an invitation to teach mathematics at Moscow Technical School then, from 1874, he also taught theoretical mechanics there.
      
    • After being awarded his Master's Degree, a special chair of mechanics was created for Zhukovskii at Moscow Technical School.
      
    • He worked at the university, becoming the Head of the Department of Mechanics in 1886.
      
    • Over his career Zhukovskii had a remarkable publications record producing over 200 publications on mechanics.
      

66. Nikodym biography
    
    • the Radon-Nikodym theorem and derivative, the Nikodym convergence theorem, the Nikodym-Grothendieck boundedness theorem), in functional analysis (the Radon-Nikodym property of a Banach space, the Frechet-Nikodym metric space, a Nikodym set), projections onto convex sets with applications to Dirichlet problem, generalized solutions of differential equations, descriptive set theory and the foundations of quantum mechanics.
      
    • In 1946 Nikodym and his wife Stanislawa left for Belgium and France where he began his work on mathematical foundations of quantum mechanics.
      
    • Three of other his books: the second volume of Theory of Tensors and two volumes of Mechanics disappeared during World War II.
      
    • His last book The Mathematical Apparatus for Quantum-Theories, based on the Theory of Boolean Lattices published in 1966 by Springer-Verlag contains, on almost thousand pages, the mathematical formalism for quantum mechanics or more precisely a detailed study of the Boolean subalgebras of the logic of closed subspaces of a complex Hilbert space.
      

67. Henrici biography
    
    • In 1879 Clifford, who had been professor of applied mathematics and mechanics at University College, died, and Henrici was asked to take over his teaching duties.
      
    • Clearly the duties of the two chairs were too much for one person so in 1880 Henrici was formally installed as professor of applied mathematics and mechanics and resigned his chair of mathematics.
      
    • In 1884 he moved from University College to take up the chair of mechanics and mathematics at the new Central Technical College.
      
    • He also introduced graphical statics into the Bedford College syllabus and at the Central Technical College he set up a mechanics laboratory.
      

68. Kolosov biography
    
    • He passed his Master's examinations in 1893 and his Master's dissertation On certain modifications of Hamilton's principle and its application to the solution of problems of mechanics of solid bodies (Russian) (1903) contained his first really significant result.
      
    • From 1893 Kolosov was employed both as the director of the mechanics laboratory at St Petersburg University, and as a teacher at the St Petersburg Institute of Communications Engineers.
      
    • He worked both at St Petersburg University, becoming head of the department of theoretical mechanics in 1916, and at the Electrotechnical Institute where he was appointed head of the department of theoretical mechanics immediately on his return to the city in 1913.
      

69. La Hire biography
    
    • Courses he lectured included astronomy, mechanics, hydrostatics, dioptrics, and navigation.
      
    • Although passed over by the majority of the historians of mechanics, this work marks a significant step towards the elaboration of a modern manual of practical mechanics, suitable for engineers of various disciplines.
      
    • Finally, his diverse knowledge and artistic, technical, and scientific experience were factors in the growth of technological thought, the advances of practical mechanics, and the perfecting of graphic techniques.
      

70. Laplace biography
    
    • This paper contained equations which Laplace stated were important in mechanics and physical astronomy.
      
    • established his style, reputation, philosophical position, certain mathematical techniques, and a programme of research in two areas, probability and celestial mechanics, in which he worked mathematically for the rest of his life.
      
    • The second volume deals with mechanics applied to a study of the planets.
      
    • We mentioned briefly above Laplace's first work on physics in 1780 which was outside the area of mechanics in which he contributed so much.
      

71. Reichenbach biography
    
    • However, in the United States he also wrote major works on the philosophical foundations of quantum mechanics and on time.
      
    • On the first of these topics he published the book Philosophic foundations of quantum mechanics (1944), and the two papers Uber die erkenntnistheoretische Problemlage und den Gebrauch einer dreiwertigen Logik in der Quantenmechanik (1951) and Les fondements logiques de la theorie des quanta.
      
    • there is not any exhaustive interpretation of quantum mechanics which is free from causal anomalies.
      
    • In the two papers be examines using Lukasiewicz's three-valued logic in quantum mechanics.
      

72. Coriolis biography
    
    • Coriolis became professor of mechanics at the Ecole Centrale des Artes et Manufactures in 1829.
      
    • There he teamed up with Navier teaching applied mechanics.
      
    • He was also elected to replace Navier in the mechanics section of the Academie des Sciences.
      
    • Coriolis studied mechanics and engineering mathematics, in particular friction, hydraulics, machine performance and ergonomics.
      

73. Siacci biography
    
    • Siacci taught mechanics at the University of Turin from 1871.
      
    • From 1875 he held a Professorship at the University of Turin in Higher Mechanics.
      
    • He left some hundred publications, the most important being those concerned with analytic mechanics.
      
    • In the application of mechanics to artillery - ballistics - he was a master.
      

74. Cohen Wim biography
    
    • and he graduated with a Master's Degree (with distinction) in 1949 in Continuum Mechanics and Applied Mathematics.
      
    • Koiter had been appointed Professor of Applied Mechanics at Delft University of Technology in 1949 and Cohen went on to submit his doctoral thesis On Stress Calculations in Helidoidal Shells and Propeller Blades for which he was awarded a doctorate (with distinction) in 1955 [J.
      
    • Although his doctorate was in mechanics, Cohen's work with Philips took a rather different route since they had become involved in telephone engineering at the time Cohen entered the Company.
      
    • In 1957 Cohen left the Philips Telecommunication Group and accepted an appointment as a Full Professor of Pure and Applied Mathematics and Mechanics in Delft University of Technology.
      

75. Murnaghan biography
    
    • In 1929, in collaboration with Joseph Sweetman Ames, a physicist colleague at Johns Hopkins, he published Theoretical mechanics: an introduction to mathematical physics.
      
    • Over the period up to 1936, in addition to the major texts we have already mentioned, Murnaghan undertook research and published papers on a wide variety of topics such as electrodynamics, relativity, tensor analysis, elasticity, dynamics, aerodynamics, quantum mechanics, and celestial mechanics.
      
    • elementary and self-contained account of the theory of group representations with special reference to those groups which have turned out to be of fundamental significance for quantum mechanics, especially nuclear physics.
      

76. Benjamin biography
    
    • In the Journal of Fluid Mechanics in 1995 he published the paper Verification of the Benjamin-Lighthill conjecture about steady water waves.
      
    • Benjamin helped set up the fluid mechanics laboratory at Cambridge in 1964 and three years later he was promoted to Reader in Hydrodynamics.
      
    • He left Cambridge in 1970 when he was appointed as Professor of Mathematics and Director of the Fluid Mechanics Research Institute at the University of Essex.
      
    • Another paper which he published near the beginning of his career was On the flow in channels when rigid obstacles are placed in the stream published in the Journal of Fluid Mechanics in 1956.
      

77. Dubreil-Jacotin biography
    
    • Jacotin attended lectures on fluid mechanics by Villat at the Sorbonne and lectures the College de France.
      
    • She had been attracted by the course on fluids given by Villat and he now advised her to go to Oslo to study with Vilhelm Bjerknes who had been appointed to the chair of applied mechanics and mathematical physics at the University of Oslo three years earlier.
      
    • She met Emmy Noether, who she would later pay tribute to in her article Portraits of women mathematicians, and in Rome during the winter term of 1930-31 she met Levi-Civita who was working on similar problems in fluid mechanics which interested her [l\'Annuaire des Anciens Eleves de l\'Ecole Normale Superieure (1972).
      
    • We have indicated how these began in the field of fluid mechanics and moved towards algebra.
      

78. Montroll biography
    
    • A paper published jointly with Joseph E Mayer in 1941 Statistical mechanics of imperfect gases also examined ideas developing out of his thesis.
      
    • There he worked on programs associated with the Manhattan Project, using his expertise in applying statistical mechanics to the behaviour of neutrons in a chain reaction.
      
    • During his time at Maryland, Montroll published Topics in statistical mechanics of interacting particles which was 86 pages of mimeographed notes of a lecture series, written jointly with G F Newell.
      
    • The object of the lectures was to study the equilibrium statistical mechanics of large systems of interacting particles.
      

79. Heron biography
    
    • Sometimes called Hero, Heron of Alexandria was an important geometer and worker in mechanics.
      
    • His works look like lecture notes from courses he must have given there on mathematics, physics, pneumatics, and mechanics.
      
    • The mechanicians of Heron's school say that mechanics can be divided into a theoretical and a manual part; the theoretical part is composed of geometry, arithmetic, astronomy and physics, the manual of work in metals, architecture, carpentering and painting and anything involving skill with the hands.
      
    • Heron wrote a number of important treatises on mechanics.
      

80. Fowler biography
    
    • His work in this field led him, in particular, to consider wind structure and temperature structure at high altitudes which could have been the catalyst for his later interest in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics.
      
    • Here he jumped into a variety of mathematical problems and eventually began moving to more recent problems in mathematical physics including work on various kinetic theories of gases, again leading him toward thermodynamics and statistical mechanics.
      
    • Having developed a new technique for approaching physical chemistry through statistical mechanics, the two, and later Fowler alone, justified a number of formulae and calculations performed by the likes of Saha, Lindemann, and Chapman.
      
    • This work continued in a series of papers through the 1920s leading to the Adams Prize of the University of Cambridge in 1923-24 and was published in 1929 as the seminal volume, Statistical Mechanics, which had a second edition, minus the astrophysical applications, published in 1936.
      

81. Klein Oskar biography
    
    • In fact, this led him to his thesis research in which he studied the forces between ions in strong electrolytes using Gibbs' statistical mechanics.
      
    • However, Bethe and Jackiw's Intermediate Quantum Mechanics, originally written in 1964, does refer to the same equation as the Klein-Gordon equation.
      
    • In 1927, Klein was appointed Lektor in Copenhagen but nonetheless continued his research working with Pascual Jordan on the second quantization in quantum mechanics.
      
    • His continued work included the quantum mechanics of the second law of thermodynamics and Klein's lemma.
      

82. Roberval biography
    
    • However, some of his most important contributions were in the area of mechanics.
      
    • In 1647 he wrote to Torricelli about his discoveries in mechanics (see for example [Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970-1990).',1)">1]):- .
      
    • We have constructed mechanics which is new from its foundation to its roof, having rejected, save for a small number, the ancient stones with which it had been built.
      
    • He then went on to give Torricelli an overview of an intended new eight-volume work on mechanics.
      

83. Boltzmann biography
    
    • Boltzmann's fame is based on his invention of statistical mechanics.
      
    • Boltzmann worked on statistical mechanics using probability to describe how the properties of atoms determine the properties of matter.
      
    • In particular his work relates to the Second Law of Thermodynamics which he derived from the principles of mechanics in the 1890s.
      
    • The equations of Newtonian mechanics are reversible in time and Poincare proved that if a mechanical system is in a given state it will return infinitely often to a state arbitrarily close to the given one.
      

84. Krein biography
    
    • He was appointed as professor of theoretical mechanics at Kuibyshev Industrial Institute but he returned to Odessa in 1944.
      
    • Krein was not reinstated, however, but held the chair of theoretical mechanics at Odessa Marine Engineering Institute from 1944.
      
    • From 1954 until his retirement Krein occupied the chair of theoretical mechanics at the Odessa Civil Engineering Institute.
      
    • His contributions led to important developments in the applications of mathematics to different fields ranging from theoretical mechanics to electrical engineering.
      

85. Bohr Niels biography
    
    • Notwithstanding the fundamental departure from the ideas of the classical theories of mechanics and electrodynamics involved in these postulates, it has been possible to trace a connection between the radiation emitted by the atom and the motion of the particles which exhibits a far-reaching analogy to that claimed by the classical ideas of the origin of radiation.
      
    • Quantum mechanics may be said to have arrived in 1925 and two years later Heisenberg stated his uncertainty principle.
      
    • History Topics: Wave versus matrix mechanics .
      

86. Weisbach biography
    
    • In Vienna, Weisbach studied mathematics, physics and mechanics.
      
    • His interests were always wide and this is reflected in the range of courses that Weisbach was teaching around this time: descriptive geometry, crystallography, optics, mechanics and machine design.
      
    • We have indicated the range of Weisbach's interests and this can be seen from the topics of the fourteen books and 59 papers he wrote on mechanics, hydraulics, surveying, and mathematics.
      

87. Stueckelberg biography
    
    • In fact, these meals turned into a series of tutorials on the quantum mechanics.
      
    • We saw a chance to get in on the ground floor of research in quantum mechanics.
      
    • They were helped by Edward U Condon, a pioneer in quantum mechanics, and Howard P Robertson, who was appointed as professor of physics at Princeton in 1929.
      

88. Subbotin biography
    
    • From 1930 he worked in astronomy and celestial mechanics at Leningrad (St Petersburg) University being appointed as head of the astronomy department there.
      
    • He held a variety of posts such as Chairman of the Department of Celestial Mechanics (1935-44), Head of the Theoretical Section of Pulkovo Observatory (1931-34), and Head of Leningrad University Observatory (1934-39).
      
    • Later he worked in celestial mechanics producing new methods of calculating orbits from three observations based on solving the Euler-Lambert equations.
      

89. Karman biography
    
    • In 1912 Karman decided that his prospects of promotion were not good at Gottingen so he accepted the chair of applied mechanics at the Schemnitz mining college in Slovakia (today the town is called Banska Stiavnica).
      
    • In February 1913 Karman accepted a post as director of the Aeronautical Institute at Aachen in Germany and also the chair of aeronautics and mechanics at the technical university in Aachen.
      
    • Institute of Aeronautical Sciences continuing his research on fluid mechanics, turbulence theory and supersonic flight.
      

90. Pauli biography
    
    • Less than a year after this Heisenberg submitted his article on quantum mechanics which was to change the whole approach to the topic.
      
    • His starting point was the philosophy of quantum mechanics, but this led him to psychology, the history of ideas and many other fields, not least the relation of religion to natural science.
      
    • History Topics: Wave versus matrix mechanics .
      

91. Hecht biography
    
    • At first he taught elementary pure and applied mathematics, a course which had been previously given by the first professor at the Freiberg Bergakademie F G von Busse, but later Hecht taught only mechanics and mining machinery.
      
    • He understood that the mathematical and engineering skills necessary for those who were to be mining experts came together in mechanics and he developed the course material in this way.
      
    • His books, written for his students and others who needed the same understanding of mechanics, were popular.
      

92. Beltrami biography
    
    • In 1866 he returned to Bologna where he was appointed professor of rational mechanics.
      
    • A new University of Rome was set up in the new Italian capital and Beltrami was appointed to the chair of rational mechanics there in 1873.
      
    • 24 (1) (1997), 25-45.',11)">11] Tazzioli examines how Beltrami used differential parameters when considering problems in mechanics, elasticity, and potential theory.
      

93. Possel biography
    
    • He held the chairs of rational mechanics, then differential and integral calculus.
      
    • We mention Sur l'indetermination de la puissance d'un torseur reparti in which he gave proofs of some formulas of use in the mechanics of continuous media, where the differential elements are subjected to couples as well as forces per unit volume; Les principes mathematiques de la mecanique classique which was based in ideas due to Brelot; Sur la definition d'un torseur reparti et sur l'evaluation de sa puissance which examines when external forces on part of a body are equivalent to couples alone; Initiation a la topologie resulting from work carried out in Portugal; Sur les systemes derivants et l'extension du theoreme de Lebesgue relatif a la derivation d'une fonction a variation bornee extending the classical theorem for linear Lebesgue measure; and La notion physique d'energie vis-a-vis des definitions du travail et de la force which considers the formulation of classical mechanics given by Brelot.
      

94. Borda biography
    
    • Borda's use of the principle of conservation of [energy] was important as a precursor of Lazare Carnot's work in mechanics.
      
    • While describing his contributions to fluid mechanics we should also note the contributions he made to the study of waterwheels and pumps.
      
    • He worked on fluid mechanics, studying fluid flow in many different situations such as ships, artillery, pumps and scientific instruments.
      

95. Duhem biography
    
    • His interests in science itself were mainly in the area of mathematical physics, and in particular thermodynamics, hydrodynamics, elasticity, mathematical chemistry, and mechanics.
      
    • He viewed mechanics as a special case of a more general theory of space and he considered that a generalised version of thermodynamics would provide a theory to explain all of physics and chemistry.
      
    • It was this surprise which led Duhem to look for other scientists who worked before the development of Renaissance mechanics.
      

96. Kochin biography
    
    • He was appointed to Leningrad State University in 1924 and taught mathematics and mechanics there until 1934.
      
    • In addition he was head of the mechanics section of the Mechanics Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences from 1939 to 1944.
      

97. Sommerfeld biography
    
    • I have always regarded Klein as my real teacher, not only in things mathematical, but also in mathematical physics and in connection with mechanics.
      
    • Three years after taking up the appointment in Clausthal, he became professor of mechanics at the Technische Hochschule in Aachen.
      
    • In the later part of his career, Sommerfeld used statistical mechanics to explain the electronic properties of metals.
      

98. Hermann biography
    
    • Hermann worked in mechanics and studied the 'inverse problem' where one has to determine the orbit from a knowledge of the law of force.
      
    • He proposed the term 'phoronomia' in 1716 for the topic which was sometimes called 'rational mechanics' and now called 'theoretical mechanics'.
      

99. Birkhoff biography
    
    • Birkhoff read Poincare's works on differential equations and celestial mechanics and he learnt more, and was more strongly influenced in the direction his research was taking, by Poincare than from his supervisor.
      
    • This theory, which resolved in principle one of the fundamental problems arising in the theory of gases and statistical mechanics, has been influential not only in dynamics itself but also in probability theory, group theory, and functional analysis.
      
    • The foundations of relativity and quantum mechanics were also topics which Birkhoff studied.
      

100. Doppler biography
     
     • After this he returned to Salzburg, attended philosophy lectures at the Salzburg Lyceum, then went to the University of Vienna where he studied higher mathematics, mechanics and astronomy.
       
     • At the end of his studies at the University of Vienna in 1829, Doppler was appointed as assistant to the professor of higher mathematics and mechanics at the University, Professor A Burg.
       
     • With such a difficult time in Prague, it is no surprise that Doppler wanted to move and he was offered the professorship of mathematics, physics and mechanics at the Academy of Mines and Forests in Banska Stiavnica.
       

101. Sokolov biography
     
     • Dmitry Grave, who had studied Jacobi's methods for the three body problem for his own Master's thesis, had become a leading researcher in algebra and number theory, but pressure to undertake more practical research led him to change to study mechanics and applied mathematics.
       
     • He supervised Sokolov's research in the area of mechanics of particles and this was the topic of his doctorate which in many ways followed on from Grave's Master's thesis.
       
     • Sokolov also published on celestial mechanics and hydromechanics.
       

102. Gibbs biography
     
     • His work on statistical mechanics was also important, providing a mathematical framework for quantum theory and for Maxwell's theories.
       
     • In fact his last publication was Elementary Principles in Statistical Mechanics and this work is a beautiful account putting the foundations of statistical mechanics on a firm foundation.
       

103. Whewell biography
     
     • conic sections, fluxions, and mechanics.
       
     • At a time when Cambridge was still finding acceptance of the superior Continental approach to mathematics, Whewell played a major role in modernising their approach with his textbooks An Elementary Treatise on Mechanics (1819) and A Treatise on Dynamics (1823).
       
     • He also published The Mechanical Euclid, containing the Elements of Mechanics and Hydrostatics demonstrated after the Manner of the Elements of Geometry (1837) where he took a completely geometrical approach.
       

104. Cauchy biography
     
     • Other posts became vacant but one in 1814 went to Ampere and a mechanics vacancy at the Institute, which had occurred when Napoleon Bonaparte resigned, went to Molard.
       
     • In 1815 Cauchy lost out to Binet for a mechanics chair at the Ecole Polytechnique, but then was appointed assistant professor of analysis there.
       
     • Specifically, in this connection, we should mention his major contributions to the development of mathematical physics and to theoretical mechanics..
       

105. Bernoulli Jacob biography
     
     • Jacob Bernoulli returned to Switzerland and taught mechanics at the University in Basel from 1683, giving a series of important lectures on the mechanics of solids and liquids.
       
     • Bernoulli greatly advanced algebra, the infinitesimal calculus, the calculus of variations, mechanics, the theory of series, and the theory of probability.
       

106. Cherry biography
     
     • His first papers On the form of the solution of the equations of dynamics, On Poincare's theorem of 'the non-existence of uniform integrals of dynamical equations', and Note on the employment of angular variables in celestial mechanics were all published in 1924 and Some examples of trajectories defined by differential equations of a generalised dynamical type in the following year.
       
     • He undertook research on ordinary differential equations, particularly those arising from dynamics and celestial mechanics, for four years.
       
     • whether the classical principles of dynamics form a sufficient foundation for Statistical Mechanics.
       

107. Hopf Eberhard biography
     
     • In 1930 Hopf received a fellowship from the Rockefeller Foundation to study classical mechanics with Birkhoff at Harvard in the United States.
       
     • In Leipzig Hopf undertook research on quantic mechanics (1937), Geodesics on manifolds of negative curvature (1939), Statistik der geod (1939) and on the influence of curvature of a closed Riemannian manifold on its topology (1941).
       
     • An important publication from this period was An inequality for positive linear integral operators (1963) which appeared in the Journal for Mathematics and Mechanics.
       

108. Painleve biography
     
     • He worked on differential equations, particularly studying their singular points, and on mechanics.
       
     • His interest in mechanics was a natural one since this subject provided a natural setting for applications of the results which he had proved for differential equations.
       
     • He was Wilbur Wright's first passenger making a record 1 hour 10 minute flight at Auvours in 1908, then in the following year 1909 he created the first university course in aeronautical mechanics.
       

109. Todd John biography
     
     • He became ill while giving a lecture series on group theory and quantum mechanics.
       
     • I knew a bit of quantum mechanics because my first introduction to matrix theory was Heisenberg's matrix mechanics, based on infinite matrices.
       

110. Sneddon biography
     
     • When the war ended Sneddon was appointed to a research post in the H H Wills Physical Laboratory at Bristol University where he continued to work with Mott on nuclear physics and also on their book on wave mechanics.
       
     • Wave Mechanics and its Applications was published in 1948 with Mott and Sneddon as joint authors.
       
     • The book discussed applications of quantum mechanics rather than studying the theoretical foundations of the topic.
       

111. Einstein biography
     
     • His contribution is unifying important parts of classical mechanics and Maxwell's electrodynamics.
       
     • The third of Einstein's papers of 1905 concerned statistical mechanics, a field of that had been studied by Ludwig Boltzmann and Josiah Gibbs.
       
     • History Topics: Wave versus matrix mechanics .
       

112. Newton biography
     
     • The mechanics of the Copernican astronomy of Galileo attracted him and he also studied Kepler's Optics.
       
     • Newton's greatest achievement was his work in physics and celestial mechanics, which culminated in the theory of universal gravitation.
       
     • However he did not have a correct understanding of the mechanics of circular motion.
       

113. Kato biography
     
     • However he had published many papers by the time the doctorate was awarded including work on pair creation by gamma rays, the motion of an object through a fluid and results on the spectral theory of operators arising in quantum mechanics.
       
     • Also, resulting from his visit to New York University, Kato's notes On the eigenfunctions of many-particle systems in quantum mechanics were published by the Mathematical Sciences research Institute of New York University in 1956.
       
     • In 1962 he introduced new powerful techniques for studying the partial differential equations of incompressible fluid mechanics, the Navier-Stokes equations.
       

114. Sturm biography
     
     • He worked at the Ecole Polytechnique in Paris from 1838 where he became a professor of analysis and mechanics in 1840.
       
     • In the same year he succeeded Poisson in the chair of mechanics in the Faculte des Sciences, Paris.
       
     • For around ten years he gave excellent lectures but his wish to give his students the best possible courses meant that he gave a great deal of his time to preparing his lecture courses on differential and integral calculus and on rational mechanics.
       

115. Wintner biography
     
     • Although it is true that Wintner studied certain areas of mathematics for their own sake, he was led to these areas through his work in celestial mechanics.
       
     • Along with Poincare and George Birkhoff, he placed celestial mechanics on a more sound mathematical basis.
       
     • These were Lectures on asymptotic distributions and infinite convolutions (1938), Analytical foundations of celestial mechanics (1941), Eratosthenian averages (1943), Theory of measure in arithmetical semigroups (1944), The Fourier transforms of probability distributions (1947), and An arithmetical approach to ordinary Fourier series (1945).
       

116. Fredholm biography
     
     • During this single year he developed an interest in the technical problems of practical mechanics that was to last all his life and that accounted for his continued interest in applied mathematics.
       
     • He spent his whole career at the University of Stockholm being appointed to a chair in mechanics and mathematical physics on 28 September 1906.
       
     • His interest in machines and mechanics led to his membership of the Swedish Society of Engineers and he frequently provided scientific advice to that Society.
       

117. McCowan biography
     
     • Chemistry class and the Junior Class of Civil Engineering and Mechanics in which he was placed fifth.
       
     • Natural Philosophy, Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Office and Field Work in Engineering, and M.A.
       
     • at St Andrews largely consists of mechanics, and this gives us additional reason for appreciating the extension.
       

118. Boggio biography
     
     • In 1908 Boggio moved again, this time to the position of Professor of Rational Mechanics at Messina in northeastern Sicily.
       
     • This only lasted a short time for, in November 1909, he was appointed Professor of Higher Mechanics at Turin.
       
     • In 1942 Boggio moved from Higher Mechanics to Complementary Mathematics before retiring in 1948.
       

119. Thabit biography
     
     • In astronomy Thabit was one of the first reformers of the Ptolemaic system, and in mechanics he was a founder of statics.
       
     • An important work Kitab fi'l-qarastun (The book on the beam balance) by Thabit is on mechanics.
       
     • It was translated into Latin by Gherard of Cremona and became a popular work on mechanics.
       

120. Vranceanu biography
     
     • In Rome Vranceanu studied under Levi-Civita, obtaining his doctorate on 5 November 1924 for a dissertation Sopra una teorema di Weierstrass e le sue applicazioni alla stabilita which gave a new proof of a theorem on the decomposition of analytical functions of more variables and also studied applications of the theorem to mechanics.
       
     • His doctoral thesis, and all his earlier publications, concerned applications of analysis to mechanics.
       
     • Other topics he studied include the absolute differential calculus of congruences, analytical mechanics, partial differential equations of the second order, non-holonomic unitary theory, conformal connection spaces, metrics in spherical and projective spaces, Lie groups, global differential geometry, discrete groups of affine connection spaces, locally Euclidean connection spaces, Riemannian spaces of constant connection, differentiable varieties, embedding of lens spaces into Euclidean space, tangent vectors of spheres and exotic spheres, the equivalence method, non-linear connection spaces, and the geometry of mechanical systems.
       

121. Feigenbaum biography
     
     • His official courses were on quantum mechanics, classical mechanics, and complex function theory.
       
     • During his two years at Cornell he taught courses on variational techniques and on quantum mechanics.
       

122. Geiringer biography
     
     • There she was appointed to the Institute of Mechanics and worked on the theory of vibrations.
       
     • During 1942 she gave an advanced course in mechanics at Brown University, with the aim of raising the American standards of education to the level that had been attained in Germany.
       
     • She wrote up her outstanding series of lectures on the geometrical foundations of mechanics and, although they were never properly published, these were widely used in the United States for many years.
       

123. Hadamard biography
     
     • He was awarded first prize in algebra and first prize in mechanics in the Concours General of 1883.
       
     • On 1 February 1896 he was appointed as Professor of Astronomy and Rational Mechanics at Bordeaux.
       
     • In 1909 he was appointed to the chair of mechanics at the College de France.
       

124. Bernoulli Daniel biography
     
     • What he learned on the conservation of energy from his father he applied to his medical studies and Daniel wrote his doctoral dissertation on the mechanics of breathing.
       
     • From 1728, Bernoulli and Euler dominated the mechanics of flexible and elastic bodies, in that year deriving the equilibrium curves for these bodies.
       
     • Daniel worked on mechanics and again used the principle of conservation of energy which gave an integral of Newton's basic equations.
       

125. Lamb biography
     
     • Many of his students were engineers, and they found in him a sympathetic guide, one who understood their difficulties and shared their interest in applications of mathematics to mechanics.
       
     • Lamb wrote books in addition to those mentioned above, including Infinitesimal Calculus (1897), Dynamical Theory of Sound (1910), and Higher Mechanics (1920).
       
     • His writings call up before one the picture of an extremely acute and wonderful alert mind, endowed with a profound knowledge of the facts of physics, especially on its dynamical side, keenly interested in the work of others, particularly when it had a bearing on any matter of mechanics or wave transmission, equipped with an exceptionally varied and powerful mathematical technique, and ever on the look-out for topics on which his analysis could be employed for the promotion of natural knowledge.
       

126. Bjerknes Vilhelm biography
     
     • Bjerknes was appointed as a lecturer at the Hogskola (School of Engineering) in Stockholm in 1893 then, two years later, he became professor of applied mechanics and mathematical physics at the University of Stockholm.
       
     • Bjerknes accepted the chair of applied mechanics and mathematical physics at the University of Kristiania in 1907.
       
     • Bjerknes made his final move in 1926 when he accepted the chair of applied mechanics and mathematical physics at the University of Oslo (Kristiania had been renamed Oslo in 1925).
       

127. Pompeiu biography
     
     • He was promoted to professor of mechanics at Iasi in 1907 and remained there until 1912 when he moved to the University of Bucharest.
       
     • There is no doubt that Pompeiu's preferred area was analysis, especially complex analysis, but he achieved remarkable results in other areas such as mechanics.
       
     • R.S.R., Bucharest, 1976), 57-69.',6)">6] Iacob discusses Pompeiu's design for a three-year mechanics course in Bucharest, using both students' notes and university records.
       

128. Hooke biography
     
     • Waller, in the Preface to Hooke's Posthumous Works published in 1705, dates his belief in mechanics, in particular his belief that nature was a complicated machine, from the time that he let his imagination and his talents run riot at about age ten.
       
     • His rapidly gained understanding of geometry was soon applied to his real love of mechanics and he began to invent possible flying machines.
       
     • In Oxford Hooke learnt astronomy from Seth Ward and impressed Wilkins with his knowledge of mechanics.
       

129. Bunyakovsky biography
     
     • The courses he offered were on mathematics and mechanics.
       
     • Bunyakovskii published over 150 works on mathematics and mechanics.
       
     • His work in applied mechanics and hydrostatistics are probably not his most important, but are still a good contribution to the subject.
       

130. Jeans biography
     
     • treats the statistical mechanics of a gas ..
       
     • Pure mathematicians will know what I mean when I describe the effect of the impact of Jeans' statistical mechanics on a young man's mind as comparable with the impact of a first introduction to the theory of functions of a complex variable.
       
     • During this period he published his second major text Theoretical Mechanics (1906) and then, in 1907, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.
       

131. Bassi biography
     
     • She is said to have studied anatomy, natural history, logic, metaphysics, philosophy, chemistry, hydraulics, mechanics, algebra, geometry, ancient Greek, Latin, French, and Italian.
       
     • Of 28 papers by Bassi which are held in the Bologna Academy of Sciences in Bologna, thirteen are on physics, eleven are on hydraulics, two are on mathematics, one is on mechanics, one is on technology, and one is on chemistry.
       
     • Although many of her papers remain in manuscript, having never been published, one of her papers on mechanics De problemate quodam mechanico and one on hydraulics De problemate quodam hydrometrico were published in the Commentaries of the Bologna Institute in 1757.
       

132. Liouville biography
     
     • In 1838 Liouville was appointed Professor of Analysis and Mechanics at the Ecole Polytechnique.
       
     • However after being appointed to the chair of mechanics at the Faculte des Sciences in 1857 his teaching load began to take its toll on him.
       
     • The result is of fundamental importance in statistical mechanics and measure theory.
       

133. Peres biography
     
     • He taught at Toulouse and then at Strasbourg before being appointed Professor of Rational and Applied Mechanics at Marseilles in 1921.
       
     • At Marseilles, Peres founded an institute of fluid mechanics in 1930.
       
     • Peres' work on analysis and mechanics was always influenced by Volterra, extending results of Volterra's on integral equations.
       

134. Bottasso biography
     
     • In 1916, two years before his death, he was appointed professor of rational mechanics and mathematical-physics at the University of Messina.
       
     • Bottasso studied differential geometry and mechanics.
       
     • He used the vector calculus in studying problems in geometry, mechanics and physics.
       

135. Aleksandrov Aleksandr biography
     
     • These first three works were all as a result of his mathematical work with Delone but also in 1934 he published two physics papers on quantum mechanics On the calculation of the energy of a bivalent atom by Fok's method and Remark on the commutation rule in Schrodinger's equation.
       
     • While continuing to work at the Physics Research Institute, Aleksandrov began to teach in the Faculty of Mathematics and Mechanics from 1933.
       
     • He published on optics, quantum mechanics, and relativity.
       

136. Hill biography
     
     • of but fifty quarto pages has become fundamental for the development of celestial mechanics in three different directions.
       
     • Poincare's remark that in it we may perceive the germ of all progress which has been made in celestial mechanics since its publication is doubtless fully justified.
       
     • Hill was president of the American Mathematical Society from 1894 to 1896 delivering his presidential address on Remarks on the progress of celestial mechanics since the middle of the century.
       

137. Descartes biography
     
     • In 1618 he started studying mathematics and mechanics under the Dutch scientist Isaac Beeckman, and began to seek a unified science of nature.
       
     • In four parts, The Principles of Human Knowledge, The Principles of Material Things, Of the Visible World and The Earth, it attempts to put the whole universe on a mathematical foundation reducing the study to one of mechanics.
       
     • However Descartes' mechanics leaves much to be desired.
       

138. Frisi biography
     
     • Letters between Teodorc Bonati and Frisi discussiong questions of mechanics and hydraulic mechanics are given in [Teodoro Bonati, Carteggio scientifico : Lorgna, Canterzani, Frisi, Saladini, Calandrelli, Venturi (Florence, 1992).',4)">4].
       
     • A letter by Frisi written in 1753 on mechanics and geometry is given and discussed in [Ist.
       

139. Haret biography
     
     • Haret's and Poincare's achievements marked, respectively, the end of a old era and the beginning of a new era in celestial mechanics and, in general, in mathematics.
       
     • He was appointed Professor of Rational Mechanics at the Science Faculty of the University of Bucharest later in the same year.
       
     • Haret attempted to set up a system of mechanics that would describe the forces that govern social and economic phenomena.
       

140. Poinsot biography
     
     • Poinsot took on another appointment, in addition to the one with the Imperial University, when he accepted the position of assistant professor of analysis and mechanics at the Ecole Polytechnique on 1 November 1809.
       
     • He had published a number of works on geometry, mechanics and statics beginning with Elements de statique in 1803 and following this with [Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970-1990).',1)">1]:- .
       
     • He was the inventor of geometrical mechanics, investigating how a system of forces acting on a rigid body could be resolved into a single force and a couple.
       

141. Klein biography
     
     • Klein received his doctorate, which was supervised by Plucker, from the University of Bonn in 1868, with a dissertation Uber die Transformation der allgemeinen Gleichung des zweiten Grades zwischen Linien-Koordinaten auf eine kanonische Form on line geometry and its applications to mechanics.
       
     • At Gottingen he taught a wide variety of courses, mainly on the interface between mathematics and physics, such as mechanics and potential theory.
       
     • He took an active part in this project, editing with K Muller the four volume section on mechanics.
       

142. Julia biography
     
     • Volume 5 contains works on (i) Number theory; and (ii) Geometry, mechanics, and electricity.
       
     • This book is the sixteenth of the well known series, 'Cahiers Scientifiques,' and is the first of a series which proposes to give the mathematical foundation of quantum mechanics.
       
     • In this first volume the essential difficulties of quantum mechanics (some of which concern the fact that Hubert space is not finite dimensional) are merely foreshadowed, the attention being directed in the main to vector analysis in a space of finite dimensions.
       

143. Lipschitz biography
     
     • He carried out many important and fruitful investigations in number theory, in the theory of Bessel functions and of Fourier series, in ordinary and partial differential equations, and in analytical mechanics and potential theory.
       
     • He worked on quadratic differential forms and mechanics.
       
     • Lipschitz's work on the Hamilton-Jacobi method for integrating the equations of motion of a general dynamical system led to important applications in celestial mechanics.
       

144. Nielsen Jakob biography
     
     • In 1925 he succeeded Juel as professor of theoretical mechanics at the Technical University of Copenhagen.
       
     • Nielsen wrote a new text on theoretical mechanics which was published in two volumes in 1933-34.
       
     • Nielsen taught a course on aerodynamics in 1941 and the course formed the basis of a third volume of his theoretical mechanics text published in 1952.
       

145. Navier biography
     
     • In that process, on the basis of his own research in theoretical mechanics, Navier added a somewhat analytical flavour to the works of Gauthey.
       
     • Navier took charge of the applied mechanics courses at the Ecole des Ponts et Chaussees in 1819, being named as professor there in 1830.
       
     • He worked on applied mathematics topics such as engineering, elasticity and fluid mechanics and, in addition, he made contributions to Fourier series and their application to physical problems.
       

146. Mytropolsky biography
     
     • He was appointed to the Institute of Constructive Mechanics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine in 1946, moving to the Institute of Mathematics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine in 1951.
       
     • Mytropolsky has made major contributions to the theory of oscillations and nonlinear mechanics as well as the qualitative theory of differential equations.
       
     • He extended the Krylov Bogoluibov symbolic method to nonlinear systems and extended asymptotic methods in the theory of nonlinear mechanics.
       

147. Hau biography
     
     • They just taught us thermodynamics and classical mechanics, and that bored me.
       
     • But after a while I discovered quantum mechanics, and that got me interested in physics again, and I've been hooked ever since.
       
     • For instance, research in quantum mechanics has been supported in Denmark by the makers of Carlsberg beer since the 1920's.
       

148. Zaremba biography
     
     • In the work of the eminent Polish mathematician Stanislaw Zaremba (1863 - 1942), the problem of an axiomatic development of classical mechanics plays an important role, as is well known, this problem constitutes part of Hilbert's Sixth Problem.
       
     • Starting with the works of G Hamel, this question has been studied by many specialists in mechanics, mathematics and logic.
       
     • 76 (1996), 93-121.',3)">3] the authors describe Zaremba's axiomatic justification of the notion of time in classical mechanics which he worked on during the period from 1933 to 1940.
       

149. Pappus biography
     
     • In Book VIII Pappus deals with mechanics.
       
     • The science of mechanics, my dear Hermodorus, has many important uses in practical life, and is held by philosophers to be worthy of the highest esteem, and is zealously studied by mathematicians, because it takes almost first place in dealing with the nature of the material elements of the universe.
       
     • Pappus on mechanics .
       

150. Kolmogorov biography
     
     • In his spare time he wrote a treatise on Newton's laws of mechanics.
       
     • Kolmogorov addressed the International Congress of Mathematicians in Amsterdam in 1954 on this topic with his important talk General theory of dynamical systems and classical mechanics.
       
     • by means of axioms those physical sciences in which mathematics plays an important part; in the first rank are the theory of probability and mechanics" in his 1933 monograph Grundbegriffe der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung.
       

151. Mises biography
     
     • Von Mises worked on fluid mechanics, aerodynamics, aeronautics, statistics and probability theory.
       
     • He classified his own work, not long before his death, into eight areas: practical analysis, integral and differential equations, mechanics, hydrodynamics and aerodynamics, constructive geometry, probability calculus, statistics and philosophy.
       
     • Phillip Frank, writing in [Studies in mathematics and mechanics : Presented to Richard von Mises by Friends, Colleagues and Pupils (New York, 1954).',4)">4] says:- .
       

152. Galerkin biography
     
     • In 1920 Galerkin was promoted to Head of Structural Mechanics at the Petersburg Technological Institute.
       
     • By this time he also held two chairs, one in elasticity at the Leningrad Institute of Communications Engineers and one in structural mechanics at Leningrad University.
       
     • From 1940 until his death, Galerkin was head of the Institute of Mechanics of the Soviet Academy of Sciences.
       

153. Siegel biography
     
     • Celestial mechanics.
       
     • Siegel's work in celestial mechanics, which came next to number theory in his list of favourite topics, is discussed by Russmann in [Jahresber.
       
     • Siegel enjoyed teaching, however, even elementary courses, and he published textbooks on the theory of numbers, celestial mechanics, and the theory of functions of several complex variables.
       

154. Malfatti biography
     
     • His papers dealt with many subjects from probability to mechanics and he participated in the debate around Ruffini's attempt to prove the impossibility of solving (in the meaning of that period) equations of higher degree than four.
       
     • These include: Problems and methods of mathematical analysis in the work of Gianfrancesco Malfatti, Contributions of Gianfrancesco Malfatti to combinatorial analysis and to the theory of finite difference equations, The work of Malfatti in the realm of mechanics, The geometrical research of Gianfrancesco Malfatti, Gianfrancesco Malfatti and the theory of algebraic equations, and Gianfrancesco Malfatti and the support problem.
       

155. Hoyle biography
     
     • For example Born taught him quantum mechanics, Eddington taught him general relativity, and he was also taught by Dirac.
       
     • His teaching duties were to give a geometry course and a statistical mechanics course in 1945-46.
       

156. Fock biography
     
     • Fock had already published two papers, one on quantum mechanics and one on mathematical physics, before he graduated from Petrograd University in 1922.
       
     • The articles presented also possess a great historical value, most of them representing important steps in the development of quantum mechanics and quantum field theory during the first half of last century, and should be subject to careful and detailed analysis from historians of science.
       

157. Steklov biography
     
     • In 1891 he was appointed Lecturer in Mechanics and worked towards his Master's Degree.
       
     • Then, in 1896, Steklov was appointed to an extraordinary professorship of mechanics and continued to work for his doctoral dissertation.
       

158. Bessel biography
     
     • From that time on Bessel concentrated on astronomy, celestial mechanics and mathematics.
       
     • He also observed comets and continued his study of celestial mechanics.
       

159. Cunha biography
     
     • the Portuguese mathematician J A da Cunha's work ["Essay on the principles of mechanics"(Spanish), London, 1807; Amsterdam 1808], which contains interesting approaches to the foundations of mechanics, similar in many respects to contemporary ones.
       

160. Volterra biography
     
     • He became Professor of Mechanics at Pisa in 1883 and, after Betti's death, he occupied the Chair of Mathematical Physics.
       
     • After being appointed to the Chair of Mechanics at Turin he was appointed to the Chair of Mathematical Physics at Rome in 1900.
       

161. Woodward biography
     
     • In 1893 Woodward was appointed Professor of Mechanics at Columbia University.
       
     • On 26 November 1894 he addressed the New York Academy of Sciences which the lecture An historical survey of the science of mechanics.
       
     • From 1899 until 1904 he was Professor of Mechanics and Mathematical Physics at Columbia.
       

162. Banu Musa Ahmad biography
     
     • He wrote one texts under his own name on mechanics On mechanics is a treatise on pneumatic devices.
       

163. Ampere biography
     
     • Ampere and Cauchy shared the teaching of analysis and mechanics and there was a great contrast between the two with Cauchy's rigorous analysis teaching leading to great mathematical progress but found extremely difficult by students who greatly preferred Ampere's more conventional approach to analysis and mechanics.
       

164. Cartan biography
     
     • He was appointed as Professor of Rational Mechanics in 1920, and then Professor of Higher Geometry from 1924 to 1940.
       
     • These are complex vectors that are used to transform three-dimensional rotations into two-dimensional representations and they later played a fundamental role in quantum mechanics.
       

165. Maupertuis biography
     
     • He learnt of Descartes' vortex theory model of the solar system and of Leibniz's views on mechanics from his teacher Johann Bernoulli who was perhaps the strongest supporter of these theories.
       
     • Back in Paris by July of 1730, Maupertuis began writing papers on mechanics in which he used the expertise he had already developed on curves.
       

166. Legendre biography
     
     • In particular he published on celestial mechanics with papers such as Recherches sur la figure des planetes in 1784 which contains the Legendre polynomials; number theory with, for example, Recherches d'analyse indeterminee in 1785; and the theory of elliptic functions with papers on integrations by elliptic arcs in 1786.
       
     • More results on beta and gamma functions appeared in the second volume together with applications of his results to mechanics, the rotation of the Earth, the attraction of ellipsoids and other problems.
       

167. Menabrea biography
     
     • Menabrea soon moved from the fortress of Bardo to become professor of mechanics and construction at both the Military Academy of the Kingdom of Sardinia and at the University of Turin.
       
     • Castigliano, with whom Menabrea was in dispute regarding this principle, became better known for the concepts of work and energy in analytical mechanics.
       

168. Dupin biography
     
     • He was appointed as secretary to the Ionian Academy which had been founded only a short time before and he undertook deep research on mathematical topic, in particular studying the differential geometry of surfaces, and applied mechanics where he investigated the resistance of materials.
       
     • He held this post until 1854 and he gave many public lectures on the applications of mathematics and mechanics to industry.
       

169. Stevin biography
     
     • The author of 11 books, Simon Stevin made significant contributions to trigonometry, mechanics, architecture, musical theory, geography, fortification, and navigation.
       
     • Inspired by Archimedes, Stevin wrote important works on mechanics.
       

170. Kellogg biography
     
     • He wrote a number of articles on the teaching of mechanics, and published a textbook, written jointly with Hedrick, Applications of the calculus to mechanics (1909).
       

171. Hachette biography
     
     • He also published on a wide range of topics from his own major works on geometry, to works on applied mechanics including the theory of machines.
       
     • His work on machines includes much in the area of applied mechanics, but he was also interested in applied hydrodynamics and steam engines.
       

172. Stampacchia biography
     
     • Stampacchia was motivated by potential theory, while Fichera was motivated by mechanics.
       
     • On the other hand, variational inequalities have been used in a large variety of questions in mechanics, physics, optimization and control, linear programming, engineering, etc..
       

173. Peierls biography
     
     • It was Sommerfeld who introduced Peierls to quantum mechanics during these two years and this proved highly significant for Peierls' career.
       
     • this book can be warmly recommended to physics students and to their teachers as a valid auxiliary tool for courses in quantum mechanics, structure of matter and statistical physics.
       

174. Mobius biography
     
     • Indeed he was appointed to the chair of astronomy and higher mechanics at the University of Leipzig in 1816.
       
     • He also wrote on the principles of astronomy, Die Hauptsatze der Astronomie (1836) and on celestial mechanics Die Elemente der Mechanik des Himmels (1843).
       

175. Egorov biography
     
     • In 1923 Egorov became director of the Institute for Mechanics and Mathematics at Moscow State University.
       
     • In 1929 Egorov was dismissed as director of the Institute for Mechanics and Mathematics and given a public rebuke.
       

176. Gronwall biography
     
     • During the last years of his life he worked steadily on the wave mechanics of the hydrogen and helium atom.
       
     • Gronwall's work contains classical analysis (Fourier series, Gibbs phenomenon, summability theory, Laplace and Legendre series), differential and integral equations, analytic number theory (transcendental numbers, divisor function, L-function of Dirichlet), complex function theory (Dirichlet L-series, conformal mappings, univalent functions), differential geometry, mathematical physics (problems of elasticity, ballistics, induction, potential theory, kinetic theory of gases, optics), nomography, atomic physics (wave mechanics of hydrogen and helium atom, lattice theory of crystals) and physical chemistry where he is especially known as a very important contributor.
       

177. Montucla biography
     
     • Volume three covered 18th century pure mathematics, optics and mechanics in 832 pages, while the fourth volume covered 18th century astronomy, mathematical geography and navigation in 688 pages.
       
     • the account also included mechanics, astronomy, optics, and music ..
       

178. Lopatynsky biography
     
     • In 1966 he became head of the partial differential equations Section of the Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine in Donetsk.
       
     • The conference is named after an outstanding mathematician, talented pedagogue and organiser, Academician of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Yaroslav Borisovich Lopatinskii who was a founder of both the Department of Differential Equations in Donetsk National University and the Department of Partial Differential Equations in the Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.
       

179. Riesz biography
     
     • It was the mathematical basis for proving that matrix mechanics and wave mechanics were equivalent.
       

180. Kostrikin biography
     
     • Being one of the best students there, he was transferred in 1951 to the Department of Mechanics and Mathematics at Moscow State University from which he graduated in 1952.
       
     • This chapter includes symmetry and applications to quantum mechanics.
       

181. Morera biography
     
     • He won the competition for the position of professor of rational mechanics at Genoa University, where he stayed and lived for fourteen years.
       
     • In 1900 he went to Turin University where he taught advanced and rational mechanics, both at the University and at the Polytechnic.
       

182. Bethe biography
     
     • This was a major contribution not only to solid state physics but also to the foundations of quantum mechanics as it further demonstrated the unusual consequences of the wave-like properties of matter.
       
     • With his work on quantum mechanics in solid state crystal lattices and his work on stellar nucleosynthesis, he was already a highly accomplished physicist in more than one subfield.
       

183. Deans biography
     
     • For example she translated Selected Papers on Wave Mechanics by L de Broglie and L Brillouin and her translation was published by Blackie and Sons in 1928.
       
     • Her translation of Richard Gans' Vector analysis and applications to physics was published in 1931 and, in the following year, her translation of Pohl Robert Wichard's Physical Principles of Mechanics and Acoustics.
       

184. Ball Robert biography
     
     • After two years working for Rosse, Ball was offered the chair of applied mathematics and mechanics in the Royal College of Science in Dublin which had recently been founded.
       
     • Another major mathematical publication around this time was Experimental Mechanics (1871).
       

185. Archimedes biography
     
     • In mechanics Archimedes discovered fundamental theorems concerning the centre of gravity of plane figures and solids.
       
     • The treatise On plane equilibriums sets out the fundamental principles of mechanics, using the methods of geometry.
       

186. Synge biography
     
     • Professor Synge made outstanding contributions to widely varied fields: classical mechanics, geometrical mechanics and geometrical optics, gas dynamics, hydrodynamics, elasticity, electrical networks, mathematical methods, differential geometry and, above all, Einstein's theory of relativity.
       

187. Lyapunov biography
     
     • Following this he was appointed as a privatdozent at Kharkov University where he taught mechanics and continued research for his doctoral thesis.
       
     • For example on 6 June 1957 Sobolev gave the lecture On the works of A M Lyapunov on potential theory in Moscow to a joint session of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences, the divisions of technical and physical sciences of the Academy of Sciences, the Moscow University, the Moscow Mathematical Society, the Institute of Mechanics of the Academy of Sciences, and the Institute of Automatics and Telemechanics of the Academy of Sciences.
       

188. Moulton biography
     
     • His books include An Introduction to Celestial Mechanics (1902), An introduction to astronomy (1906), Descriptive astronomy (1912), Periodic orbits (1920) The Nature of the World and Man (1926), Differential equations (1930), Astronomy (1931), and Consider the Heavens (1935).
       
     • Moulton was a first-rate teacher and public speaker as well as an accomplished writer, and he ranked as one of the greatest masters of celestial mechanics, not only of his own generation but of all time.
       

189. Cardan biography
     
     • In addition to Cardan's major contributions to algebra he also made important contributions to probability, hydrodynamics, mechanics and geology.
       
     • contain a little of everything, from cosmology to the construction of machines, from the usefulness of natural sciences to the evil influence of demons, from the laws of mechanics to cryptology.
       

190. Huntington biography
     
     • Huntington was promoted to associate professor in 1915 and to professor of mechanics at Harvard in 1919.
       
     • One might wonder why, given these interests, Huntington was appointed as Professor of Mechanics in 1919.
       

191. Briot biography
     
     • He taught engineering and surveying in the year he moved back to Paris, then he taught a calculus course in 1853 and, two years later, courses on mechanics and astronomy.
       
     • He wrote textbooks which covered most of the topics from a mathematics course: arithmetic, algebra, calculus, geometry, analytic geometry, and mechanics.
       

192. Leonardo biography
     
     • He wrote a book, around this time, on the elementary theory of mechanics which appeared in Milan around 1498.
       
     • Again his scientific work took precedence over his painting and he was involved in hydrodynamics, anatomy, mechanics, mathematics and optics.
       

193. Bell John biography
     
     • Through his career he gained much from discussions with Mary, and when, in 1987, his papers on quantum theory were collected [Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics (Cambridge, 1987).
       
     • Bell wrote [Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics (Cambridge, 1987).
       

194. Appell biography
     
     • In 1885 he was appointed to the Chair of Mechanics at the Sorbonne.
       
     • The article [Acta Mathematica 45 (1925), 161-285.',2)">2], written by Appell himself, lists 140 works in analysis, 30 works in geometry, 87 works in mechanics as well as many textbooks, addresses, lectures on the history of mathematics and lectures on mathematical education.
       

195. Duhamel biography
     
     • Appointed as entrance examiner at the Ecole Polytechnique in 1835, Duhamel was named professor of analysis and mechanics in 1836.
       
     • Duhamel worked on partial differential equations and applied his methods to the theory of heat, to rational mechanics, and to acoustics.
       

196. Daubechies biography
     
     • One of the basic rules of Hilbert space quantum mechanics is that when two physical systems, say S1 and S, are viewed as the pieces of a compound system S, then the Hilbert space to be associated to S is the tensor product of the Hilbert spaces H1 and H associated to S1 and S.
       
     • This rule found little justification in the traditional logico-algebraic approach to quantum mechanics.
       

197. Bradwardine biography
     
     • His view, however, was very influential and it was accepted as a law of mechanics for over a hundred years.
       
     • For example Oresme followed Bradwardine's ideas of mechanics.
       

198. Janovskaja biography
     
     • Even the word "Comrade" was neither accepted at the Institute of mathematics and mechanics, nor at the Mathematical Society..
       
     • the revolution at last reached the Institute of mathematics and mechanics.
       

199. Smirnov biography
     
     • At the University a circle was formed in 1911 to study mathematical analysis and mechanics.
       
     • Smirnov was awarded his doctorate in 1936 and he became head of the Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics.
       

200. Birkhoff Garrett biography
     
     • He had already attended a course on analytical mechanics given by Kellogg on his first year of study.
       
     • A course by E C Kemble on quantum mechanics as well as courses on Lebesgue integration and topology gave him a broad education in mathematics.
       

201. Turing biography
     
     • He read Einstein's papers on relativity and he also read about quantum mechanics in Eddington's The nature of the physical world.
       
     • At about the same time he read von Neumann's 1932 text on quantum mechanics, a subject he returned to a number of times throughout his life.
       

202. Chaplygin biography
     
     • Chaplygin wrote first on hydrodynamics under Zhukovsky's influence; in particular on the mechanics of liquids and gases, studying jet stream flow in the 1890s.
       
     • From 1896 until 1906 Chaplygin taught mechanics at Moscow Technical College.
       

203. Boyle biography
     
     • Boyle became a strong supporter of Galileo's philosophy and believed strongly from this time in the new approach to studying the world through mathematics and mechanics.
       
     • The other humane studies I apply myself to, are natural philosophy, the mechanics and husbandry, according to the principles of our new philosophical college ..
       

204. Jeffreys Bertha biography
     
     • There she studied quantum theory and other topics under Max Born and Werner Heisenberg at a really exciting time with Heisenberg's theory of quantum mechanics published in 1925 and Schrodinger's wave mechanics in 1926.
       

205. Buffon biography
     
     • He corresponded with Gabriel Cramer on mechanics, geometry, probability, number theory and the differential and integral calculus.
       
     • Although we now know that such a model will not work, it was important in proposing a model which followed the laws of mechanics.
       

206. Tisserand biography
     
     • He published Traite de mecanique celeste, (Treatise on Celestial Mechanics) in four volumes which appeared between the years 1889 and 1896.
       
     • Despite being 100 years old this textbook is still sometimes referred to by current writers of celestial mechanics books.
       

207. Grandi biography
     
     • He also published a number of works on mechanics and astronomy.
       
     • His practical work on mechanics included experimenting with a steam engine.
       

208. Bowditch biography
     
     • The work marked the beginning of American participation in the field of celestial mechanics.
       
     • Not only did it allow the poorly trained professors of mathematics in American colleges to explore the wonders of French celestial mechanics, but it also became an essential part of the education of some of Bowditch's successors in the field.
       

209. Wangerin biography
     
     • He taught many courses at the University of Halle including: linear partial differential equations; calculus of variations; theory of elliptical functions; synthetic geometry; hydrostatics and capillarity theory; theory of space curves and surfaces; analytic mechanics; potential theory and spherical harmonics; celestial mechanics; the theory of the map projections; hydrodynamics; and the partial differential equations of mathematical physics.
       

210. Mineur biography
     
     • He contributed to many areas of astronomy and mathematics including celestial mechanics, analytic mechanics, statistics and numerical analysis.
       

211. Cantelli biography
     
     • He wrote a thesis there on celestial mechanics Sulla parentesi di Lagrange con applicazione al moto perturbato dei pianeti and this work on perturbations of the planets was published in 1900.
       
     • His first papers were on problems in astronomy and celestial mechanics and he wrote on Lagrange's method of studying perturbations of the planets.
       

212. Stewartson biography
     
     • He was never less than generous to his collaborators, and to work with him was as stimulating an experience as it was profitable; those who did learned to respect his passion for fluid mechanics and applied mathematics, his industry and his mathematical power which, combined with an ability to see a problem from what might often appear to be an unorthodox point of view, made him a dominant international figure in his subject.
       
     • This premature death, at the age of 57, of one of the century's greatest exponents of the application of advanced mathematical methods in fluid mechanics produced worldwide grief and dismay, and applied mathematicians everywhere joined with the family in mourning Keith Stewartson as a warmly loved, as well as an intensely admired and respected figure.
       

213. Novikov Sergi biography
     
     • On leaving school in 1955, he entered the Faculty of Mathematics and Mechanics of Moscow University.
       
     • At this time the Faculty of Mathematics and Mechanics of Moscow University was a world leading centre for research in real analysis, with Kolmogorov the major influence.
       

214. Atwood biography
     
     • He demonstrated elementary mechanics and hydrostatics with pulleys, pendulums, and air-pumps, as well as electricity, magnetism, and optics, including Leonhard Euler's principles of achromatic lenses.
       
     • Atwood is best known for a work A Treatise on the Rectilinear Motion and Rotation of Bodies (published by Cambridge University Press in 1784) which is a textbook on Newtonian mechanics describing impact and simple harmonic motion.
       

215. Penrose biography
     
     • Another was a course by Paul Dirac on quantum mechanics which was beautiful in a completely different way ..
       
     • In the process of the argument elegant expositions, at a level suitable for the unlearned but reasonably sophisticated reader, are given of a wide variety of topics ranging from the nature of algorithms and abstract computability, through results on undecidability and incompleteness, the basic structures of classical physics, the basic structures and philosophical puzzles in quantum mechanics, the basic features of entropic asymmetry and its relation to cosmological structure, the search for an adequate quantum theory of gravity, to some of the results of neuro-anatomy and research into the functioning of the brain.
       

216. Bose biography
     
     • Gibbs book on statistical mechanics stimulated Bose's interest in this topic.
       
     • Bose published on statistical mechanics leading to the Einstein-Bose statistics.
       

217. Serret biography
     
     • In 1861 he became professor of celestial mechanics at College de France, then two years later he was appointed to the chair of differential and integral calculus at the Sorbonne.
       
     • Serret also worked in number theory, calculus and mechanics.
       

218. Minding biography
     
     • At Dorpat Minding taught algebra, analysis, geometry, probability, mechanics and physics.
       
     • Minding also worked on differential equations, algebraic functions, continued fractions and analytic mechanics.
       

219. Arf biography
     
     • In addition Arf worked in applied mathematics writing several papers on elastic plane bodies bounded by free boundaries and a paper on the algebraic structure of the cluster expansion in statistical mechanics.
       
     • Arf presented a paper On a generalization of Green's formula and its application to the Cauchy problem for a hyperbolic equation to the volume Studies in mathematics and mechanics presented to Richard von Mises in 1954.
       

220. Kramers biography
     
     • is his theory of optical dispersion, which is quite generally recognized as an important precursor of Heisenberg's matrix mechanics.
       
     • It was translated into English by Dirk ter Haar, a former student of Kramers, and published as Quantum mechanics in 1957.
       

221. Frechet biography
     
     • A versatile mathematician, Frechet served as professor of mathematics at the Lycee in Besancon (1907-08), professor of mathematics at the Lycee in Nantes (1908-09), then professor of mechanics at the Faculty of Science in Poitiers (1910-19).
       
     • From 1929 he was also professor of analysis and mechanics at the Ecole Normale Superieure.
       

222. Schwinger biography
     
     • Schwinger was joint winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics (1965) for his work in formulating quantum electrodynamics and thus reconciling quantum mechanics with Einstein's special theory of relativity.
       
     • The electrons of an atom move according to the laws of quantum mechanics established in 1925 and the next following years.
       

223. Li Shanlan biography
     
     • Li also worked with the protestant missionary Joseph Edkins on a translation of W Whewell's An elementary treatise on mechanics.
       
     • It was the first introduction of Newtonian mechanics into China.
       

224. Schubert Hans biography
     
     • He had previously been with Niels Bohr in Copenhagen and was already a world leader having published his theory of quantum mechanics two years earlier; he received the Nobel prize for this work in 1932.
       
     • He was a member of the German Society for Applied Mathematics and Mechanics (1948), and elected to the German Academy of Scientists Leopoldina (1959).
       

225. Taylor Geoffrey biography
     
     • His investigations in the mechanics of fluids and solids covered an extraordinary wide range, and most of them exhibited the originality and insight for which he was now becoming famous.
       
     • Taylor's work is of the greatest importance to the mechanics of fluids and solids and to their application in meteorology, oceanography, aeronautics, metal physics, mechanical engineering and chemical engineering.
       

226. Rayleigh biography
     
     • The first volume, on the mechanics of a vibrating medium which produces sound, was published in 1877, while the second volume on acoustic wave propagation was published the following year.
       
     • [There were] two domains in fluid mechanics in which Lord Rayleigh made explicit use of hydrodynamic similarity: the theory of aerodynamic drag and the treatment of the Aeolian tones.
       

227. Eddington biography
     
     • In [Eddington\'s search for a fundamental theory : a key to the universe (Cambridge, 1994).',9)">9] Kilmister delves deeply into the ideas which led Eddington to the theories he put forward in Fundamental Theory in attempting to unite quantum mechanics and general relativity.
       
     • It was Dirac's 1928 paper on the wave equation of the electron which had first set Eddington on the path of seeking ways to unify quantum mechanics and general relativity.
       

228. Brodetsky biography
     
     • Brodetsky's work was mainly on aerodynamics and fluid mechanics.
       
     • The 5th International Congress for Applied Mechanics was held at Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1938 and Brodetsky delivered a paper on the equations of motion of an airplane.
       

229. Lavrentev biography
     
     • Then, in 1950, he became director of the Institute of Mechanics and Computational Technology of the Ukraine.
       
     • The 1940s was a period of industrialisation and construction and, after 1945, Lavrentev founded new areas of research in mechanics and applied physics which were aimed at laying the theoretical foundation necessary for the large contruction projects of building dams, canals and bridges on the Volga, Dnieper and Don rivers.
       

230. Young Thomas biography
     
     • The course was divided into four parts: Mechanics; Hydrodynamics; Physics; and Mathematics.
       
     • The book also contained a mechanics lecture dealing with elasticity where Young's modulus is introduced for the first time.
       

231. Bezout biography
     
     • In 1758 Bezout was appointed an adjoint in mechanics of the Academie des Sciences and, in the same year, as royal censor.
       
     • Returning to give more information about Bezout's career, we should note that he was promoted to associe in mechanics at the Academie des Sciences in 1768 and then further promoted to pensionnaire in 1770.
       

232. Dirichlet biography
     
     • In mechanics he investigated the equilibrium of systems and potential theory.
       
     • Some work on mechanics later in his career is of quite outstanding importance.
       

233. Pontryagin biography
     
     • Pontryagin graduated from the University of Moscow in 1929 and was appointed to the Mechanics and Mathematics Faculty.
       
     • In 1934 Cartan visited Moscow and lectured in the Mechanics and Mathematics Faculty.
       

234. Saint-Venant biography
     
     • Saint-Venant worked mainly on mechanics, elasticity, hydrostatics and hydrodynamics.
       
     • In 1868 Saint-Venant was elected to succeed Poncelet in the mechanics section of the Academie des Sciences.
       

235. Puiseux biography
     
     • The following year he was awarded his doctorate for a thesis on astronomy and mechanics in which he studied planetary orbits.
       
     • He wrote on geometry, where he discovered new properties of evolutes and involutes and mechanics where he studied the conical pendulum, the tautochrone and similar topics.
       

236. Darwin C G biography
     
     • The Royal Medal of the Royal Society has been awarded to Professor C G Darwin, F.R.S., of the Tate Chair of Natural Philosophy in Edinburgh University, for his researches in mathematical physics, especially in quantum mechanics.
       
     • He lectured on The Wave Mechanics at the Society's St Andrews Colloquium in July 1930.
       

237. Wiener Christian biography
     
     • In 1847 he took the state examinations to qualify him to teach in secondary schools in Germany and in the following year of 1848 he became a teacher of physics, mechanics, hydraulics and descriptive geometry at the Technische Hochschule in Darmstadt.
       
     • (It was called the Hohere Gewerbeschule at that time.) While teaching at the Hohere Gewerbeschule, Wiener was studying for his doctorate and he submitted his thesis Bestimmte Losung der Aufgabe uber die Vertheilung eines Drucks auf mehr als drei Stutzpunkte on mechanics of particles and systems to the Justus-Liebig University of Giessen in 1850.
       

238. Picard Emile biography
     
     • In 1881 he returned to Paris when appointed maitre de conference in mechanics and astronomy at the Ecole Normale.
       
     • You were able to make [mechanics] almost interesting; I have always wondered how you went about this, because I was never able to do it when it was my turn.
       

239. Brioschi biography
     
     • There he taught mechanics, architecture and astronomy.
       
     • In mechanics Brioschi dealt with problems of statics, proving Mobius's results by analytic means; with the integration of equations in dynamics, according to Jacobi's method; with hydrostatics; and with hydrodynamics.
       

240. Banu Musa biography
     
     • Jafar Muhammad worked mainly on geometry and astronomy while Ahmad worked mainly on mechanics and al-Hasan worked mainly on geometry.
       
     • The brothers were given the best education in Baghdad, studying geometry, mechanics, music, mathematics and astronomy.
       

241. Skopin biography
     
     • There Skopin passed the high school examinations without attending classes and entered the Department of Mathematics and Mechanics of Leningrad University where he was an outstanding student.
       

242. Stieltjes biography
     
     • The original reason that Stieltjes wrote to Hermite concerned his work on celestial mechanics.
       

243. Wien biography
     
     • History Topics: Wave versus matrix mechanics .
       

244. Smoluchowski biography
     
     • He taught a variety of courses: potential theory, mechanics, electricity, optics, thermodynamics, kinetic theory of gases, differential equations, and mathematical physics.
       

245. Abel biography
     
     • whose development would have the greatest consequences for analysis and mechanics.
       

246. Beattie biography
     
     • He took the Preliminary Examinations of the Educational Institute of Scotland, passing English, History, Geography, Latin, Arithmetic, Algebra, Euclid I II III, Mechanics, Logic, and Natural Philosophy.
       

247. Ostrogradski biography
     
     • He should also be considered as the founder of the Russian school of theoretical mechanics.
       

248. Rota biography
     
     • Rota observes that combinatorics is providing the essential continuing link between mathematics and the sciences: biology (structure of large molecules), linguistics (context-free languages, automata theory), physics (statistical mechanics, phase transition problems, elementary particles).
       

249. Mandelbrot biography
     
     • Still deeply concerned with the more exotic forms of statistical mechanics and mathematical linguistics and full of non standard creative ideas he found the huge dominance of the French foundational school of Bourbaki not to his scientific tastes and in 1958 he left for the United States permanently and began his long standing and most fruitful collaboration with IBM as an IBM Fellow at their world renowned laboratories in Yorktown Heights in New York State.
       

250. Titchmarsh biography
     
     • From 1939 Titchmarsh concentrated on the theory of series expansions of eigenfunctions of differential equations, work which helped to resolve problems in quantum mechanics.
       

251. Faber biography
     
     • In addition to his research areas, Faber lectured on complex analysis, probability theory, the theory of relativity and analytical mechanics.
       

252. Lie biography
     
     • He learnt some mechanics, wondered whether botany or zoology or physics might be the right subjects and in general became rather confused.
       

253. Mathisson biography
     
     • The subject was of particular interest at that time, as it had become clear that quantum mechanics cannot solve the difficulties that had arisen in connection with the interaction of point particles with fields, and a deeper classical analysis of the problem was needed.
       

254. Stackel biography
     
     • Stackel thrived during his time at Halle, publishing numerous papers, mainly on topics in analysis, mechanics and differential geometry.
       

255. Oleinik biography
     
     • It is self-contained and the reader with background in partial differential equations and continuum mechanics can learn the homogenization techniques developed by Oleinik and her coauthors.
       

256. Feldman biography
     
     • Naum Il'ich Feldman graduated from middle school in 1936 and entered the Faculty of Mathematics and Mechanics at the University of Leningrad.
       

257. Kirchhoff biography
     
     • The excellence of Kirchhoff as a teacher can be inferred from the printed text of his lectures (he managed to publish only those on mechanics, the others being edited posthumously).
       

258. Levy Hyman biography
     
     • He was promoted to Professor of Mathematics three years later, then, in 1946, he became Head of the Mathematics and Mechanics Department.
       

259. Clarke biography
     
     • Clarke defended Newtonian theory and corresponded with Leibniz making significant contributions to mechanics during the correspondence.
       

260. Verhulst biography
     
     • There he gave courses on astronomy, celestial mechanics, the differential and integral calculus, the theory of probability, geometry and trigonometry.
       

261. Leibniz biography
     
     • He criticised Descartes' ideas of mechanics and examined what are effectively kinetic energy, potential energy and momentum.
       

262. Whiston biography
     
     • To make money he formed a partnership with Francis Hauksbee, who was twenty years his junior, and from 1713 they gave a course covering mechanics, hydrostatics, pneumatics, and optics.
       

263. McAfee biography
     
     • [McCain] taught me general physics and sophomore mechanics at Wiley College.
       

264. Olivier biography
     
     • In his role as professor Olivier lectured on descriptive geometry and mechanics.
       

265. Jones Vaughan biography
     
     • These included (in addition to knots and links) that part of statistical mechanics having to do with exactly solvable models, the very new area of quantum groups, and also Dynkin diagrams and the representation theory of simple Lie algebras.
       

266. SGravesande biography
     
     • the theory of matter, elementary mechanics, the five simple machines, Newton's laws of motion, gravity, central forces, hydrostatics, hydraulics, sound, and wave motion.
       

267. Kulik biography
     
     • Kulik wrote texts on mathematics and mechanics, for example publishing Lehrbuch der hoheren mechanik in 1846.
       

268. Clifford biography
     
     • In 1871 Clifford was appointed to the chair of Mathematics and Mechanics at University College London.
       

269. Pic biography
     
     • He was elected as Dean of the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics in 1958, then, four years later, he was elected as Dean of the Faculty of Mathematics and Mechanics.
       

270. Schlafli biography
     
     • Schlafli also made significant contributions to celestial mechanics, for example publishing a note on the acceleration of a planet in an elliptic orbit.
       

271. Sylow biography
     
     • In Paris he attended lectures by Chasles on the theory of conics, by Liouville on rational mechanics and by Duhamel on the theory of limits.
       

272. Harish-Chandra biography
     
     • Here he studied theoretical physics, this direction being the result of reading Principles of Quantum Mechanics by Dirac which he found himself in the university library.
       

273. Rosanes biography
     
     • He later said these lectures were particularly important in his development as a mathematician and led him to one of his greatest ideas namely the realisation that Heisenberg's quantum mechanics was represented by matrices.
       

274. Krieger biography
     
     • To qualify for the Master's Degree she took graduate level courses on: Modular Elliptic Functions given by Jacques Chapelon; Minimum Principles of Mechanics given by John Lighton Synge; The Theory of Sets given by Samuel Beatty; The Theory of Numbers given by John Charles Fields; and The Theory of Functions given by W J Webber.
       

275. Study biography
     
     • In 1903 he published Geometrie der Dynamen which considered euclidean kinematics and the mechanics of rigid bodies.
       

276. Keill biography
     
     • The only true philosophers are those who would account for all effects and phenomena by the known established laws of motion and mechanics.
       

277. Farkas biography
     
     • However, at present renewed attention is being given to his results in optimisation theory and mechanics.
       

278. Planck biography
     
     • Sadly his life was filled with tragedy in the years following his remarkable initiation of the study of quantum mechanics.
       

279. Plancherel biography
     
     • The papers by Rosenthal and Plancherel marked a watershed in the development of the foundations of statistical mechanics, for they brought to a close the classical age of Maxwell, Boltzmann and Ehrenfest and stimulated the development of ergodic theory as a new branch of mathematics.
       

280. Koopmans biography
     
     • However his first two publications, while still an undergraduate at Utrecht, were on quantum mechanics.
       

281. Kac biography
     
     • To Mark Kac for his important contributions to statistical mechanics and to probability theory and its applications.
       

282. Boersma biography
     
     • Although he could not be Boersma doctoral supervisor, since he did not have a university position, still he was a large influence on Boersma's research while his official thesis supervisor at Groningen was Adriaan van de Vooren, an expert in fluid mechanics.
       

283. Whittaker biography
     
     • Whittaker's best known work is in analysis, in particular numerical analysis, but he also worked on celestial mechanics and the history of applied mathematics and physics.
       

284. Korkin biography
     
     • He defended his thesis On systems of first order partial differential equations and some questions on mechanics towards the end of 1867.
       

285. Aleksandrov biography
     
     • at grammar school he studied celestial mechanics and mathematical analysis.
       

286. Argand biography
     
     • XIV : Mathematics, mechanics (Moscow, 1973), 167-172.
       

287. Chernikov biography
     
     • Having obtained a degree in mathematics from the Saratov Pedagogic Institute, Chernikov left school teaching and was appointed to the Faculty of the Ural Institute of Physics and Mechanics.
       

288. Mohr Ernst biography
     
     • In 1939 he was promoted to lecturer in mechanics and applied mathematics at the University of Breslau, and also at the Technical University of Breslau, after submitting his habilitation dissertation.
       

289. Temple biography
     
     • Relativity theory, aerodynamics and quantum mechanics have been mentioned above but he also worked on analysis contributing to the study of the Lebesgue integral.
       

290. Lambert biography
     
     • The mathematical sciences, in particular algebra and mechanics, provided me with clear and profound examples to confirm the rules I had learned.
       

291. Bossut biography
     
     • He also did fine research and won Academy prizes for his work on mechanics applied to ships and on resistance to planetary motion.
       

292. Finck biography
     
     • His texts include books on algebra, mechanics, geometry and analysis.
       

293. Pade biography
     
     • After four years in the post of Maitre de Conferences at the University of Lille, Pade left to go to Poitiers where he was appointed as Professor of Rational and Applied Mechanics in June 1902.
       

294. Vailati biography
     
     • Vailati had taught a course at Turin on the history of mechanics in the years 1896-1898 and he published three essays based on this course which earned him considerable fame.
       

295. Doppelmayr biography
     
     • In 1723 he was honoured with the offer of the chair of mechanics at the Academy of St Petersburg.
       

296. Kurosh biography
     
     • In 1929 Kurosh was assigned to the Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics at Moscow State University.
       

297. Monte biography
     
     • After serving in the army, Guidobaldo returned to his estate of Montebaroccio in Urbino where he was able to spend his time doing research into mathematics, mechanics, astronomy and optics.
       

298. Tilly biography
     
     • In this work Tilly was the first to study non-euclidean mechanics, a topic he essentially invented (see [Conference on the History of Mathematics (Italian), Cetraro, 1988 (EditEl, Rende, 1991), 57-75.',2)">2] for details of his contributions to the link between geometry and "physical theories").
       

299. Lexis biography
     
     • Wilhelm Lexis attended the University of Bonn where he was awarded a degree in mathematics and then went on to write a thesis on analytical mechanics.
       

300. Lebesgue biography
     
     • In 1906 he was appointed to the Faculty of Science in Poitiers and in the following year he was named professor of mechanics there.
       

301. Smithies biography
     
     • There he took courses by G H Hardy on Fourier analysis, John Whittaker on integral equations, and Ebenezer Cunningham on mechanics.
       

302. Du Bois-Reymond biography
     
     • Were the sight of the starry sky lacking to mankind; had the race arisen and developed as cave dwellers in enclosed spaces; had its scholars instead of wandering through the distant places of the universe telescopically, only looked for the smallest constituents of form and so were used in their thoughts to advancing into the boundless in the direction of the immeasurably small: who would doubt then that the infinitely small would take the same place in our system of concepts that the infinitely large does now? Moreover, hasn't the attempt in mechanics to go back down to the smallest active elements long ago introduced into science the atom, the embodiment of the infinitely small? And don't as always skilful attempts to make it superfluous for physics face with certainty the same fate as Lagrange's battle against the differential? .
       

303. Bortolotti biography
     
     • His teaching at Modena at this time included analysis and rational mechanics.
       

304. Cayley biography
     
     • His work on matrices served as a foundation for quantum mechanics, which was developed by Werner Heisenberg in 1925.
       

305. Brill biography
     
     • He wrote articles on the methodology of mathematics and on theoretical mechanics.
       

306. Woods biography
     
     • Perhaps the clearest statement of his approach to applied mathematics can be found in two papers, "Beware of Axiomatics in Applied Mathematics", and "The Bogus Axioms of Continuum Mechanics", both in the Bulletin of the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications.
       

307. Kramer biography
     
     • She recommended bringing appropriate college-level mathematics to the high school level, emphasising concepts over mechanics to avoid the common occurrence of [6]:- .
       

308. Dahlquist biography
     
     • Bohr took the time to discuss mathematics with his young student and inspired Dahlquist's early interests, which centred on analytic number theory, complex analysis, and analytical mechanics.
       

309. Huygens biography
     
     • Before he left Paris, believing himself to be close to death he asked that his unpublished papers on mechanics be sent to the Royal Society.
       

310. Suvorov biography
     
     • He continued in this role after it became the Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences.
       

311. Oresme biography
     
     • Buridan was a philosopher and logician who made contributions to probability, optics and mechanics.
       

312. Cramer biography
     
     • Cramer taught geometry and mechanics while Calandrini taught algebra and astronomy.
       

313. Grave biography
     
     • After Grave stopped work on algebra, he began to study mechanics and applied mathematics, but he never completely gave up algebra.
       

314. Robertson biography
     
     • In fact his association with Weyl went much further and in 1931 he published an English translation of the second edition of Weyl's classic text The theory of groups and quantum mechanics.
       

315. Houel biography
     
     • He obtained a doctorate from the Sorbonne in 1855 for research in celestial mechanics.
       

316. Hayes biography
     
     • My courses with her included Calculus, Celestial Mechanics, Logic, and Astronomy.
       

317. De Beaune biography
     
     • De Beaune was also interested in mechanics and optics and wrote on these topics.
       

318. Blumenthal biography
     
     • Sommerfeld has been appointed as professor of mechanics at the Technische Hochschule in Aachen in 1900.
       

319. Davidov biography
     
     • He had been appointed to the university in 1834 and was a senior figure there in the area of applied mathematics, in particular mechanics.
       

320. Macaulay biography
     
     • He also contributed a number of articles: Bolyai's science of absolute space (1900), On continued fractions (1900), Projective geometry (1906), On the axioms and postulates employed in the elementary plane constructions (1906), On a problem in mechanics and the number of its solutions (1906), and Some inequalities connected with a method of representing positive integers (1930).
       

321. Andrews biography
     
     • Currently I am reviving MacMahon's "Partition Analysis", collaborating on further applications of partitions to statistical mechanics and computer science, and completing my study of the relationship between Ramanujan's enigmatic identities and quadratic forms.
       

322. Diocles biography
     
     • Neugebauer, in an appendix to [Sources in the History of Mathematics and the Physical Sciences 1 (New York, 1976).',4)">4] (see also [From ancient omens to statistical mechanics, Acta Hist.
       

323. Hadley biography
     
     • No records survive to show how and where he was educated but certainly he must have acquired a high level of expertise in mechanics, and optics as well as mathematics.
       

324. Danti biography
     
     • Pier Vincenzo Rainaldi (Danti) had a brother Giovanni Battista Rainaldi (Danti) who made contributions to mathematics and mechanics.
       

325. Petzval biography
     
     • Petzval taught mechanics and mathematics at the University of Pest from 1832 and he became a professor in advanced mathematics at the University of Pest in 1835.
       

326. Frank biography
     
     • In mathematics he worked on the calculus of variations, Fourier series, function spaces, Hamiltonian geometrical optics, Schrodinger wave mechanics, and relativity.
       

327. Rennie biography
     
     • Among the courses he attended at Cambridge during session 1940-41 was Quantum mechanics by Dirac.
       

328. Clifford Alfred biography
     
     • He enjoyed playing bridge, but also decided that he wanted to teach himself quantum mechanics.
       

329. Dynkin biography
     
     • from the Mechanics and Mathematics Faculty in 1945.
       

330. McShane biography
     
     • In 1974, the year he retired and was made Professor Emeritus at Virginia, McShane published Stochastic calculus and stochastic models which again reflected his work on the mathematical setting for quantum mechanics.
       

331. Menshov biography
     
     • In 1938 the Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics at Moscow University founded two chairs, the chair of the Theory of Functions and the chair of Functional Analysis.
       

332. Mechain biography
     
     • It was a prestigious institution founded to train civil engineers and its teachers wrote books that became standard works on the mechanics of materials, machines, and hydraulics.
       

333. Luke biography
     
     • He received awards from Applied Mechanics Reviews in both 1972 and 1981 for his outstanding service.
       

334. Mayer Tobias biography
     
     • During his time in Gottingen, he lectured on mathematics, mechanics and optics, and introduced projective methods into astronomy and geography.
       

335. Torricelli biography
     
     • As well as being taught mathematics, mechanics, hydraulics, and astronomy by Castelli, Torricelli became his secretary and held this post from 1626 to 1632.
       

336. Walsh Joseph biography
     
     • The topics he taught, rotating them from year to year, included calculus, algebra, mechanics, differential equations, complex variable, probability, number theory, potential theory, approximation theory, and function theory.
       

337. Duarte biography
     
     • He was professor of geometry, algebra, analysis and mechanics at UCV (1909-1911 and 1936-1939).
       

338. Vinogradov biography
     
     • These were: fundamental questions of analysis and mathematical physics; special areas of function theory of real variables; number theory and Galois theory; probability theory; theoretical mechanics; applied methods of analysis.
       

339. Menelaus biography
     
     • Menelaus is believed by a number of Arab writers to have written a text on mechanics.
       

340. Airy biography
     
     • Arthur Biddell was a man of learning who had a fine library containing books on chemistry, optics and mechanics which Airy avidly studied, and in addition he had many leading scientists as his friends.
       

341. De Bruin biography
     
     • Au contraire, we all love to drink and beer in itself is our group on a small scale: combining foams, bubble dynamics, turbulence and fluid mechanics in one bottle; although several bottles is more common.
       

342. Lame biography
     
     • He lectured on analysis, physics, mechanics, chemistry, and engineering topics.
       

343. Artin biography
     
     • At Hamburg Artin lectured on a wide variety of topics including mathematics, mechanics and relativity.
       

344. Castel biography
     
     • In particular he taught infinitesimal calculus and mechanics at the Lycee.
       

345. Porta biography
     
     • Other topics he wrote on include cryptography in De furtivis literarum (1563), mechanics and squaring the circle.
       

346. Guccia biography
     
     • The goal was to stimulate the study of higher mathematics by means of original communications presented by the members of the society on the different branches of analysis and geometry, as well as on rational mechanics, mathematical physics, geodesy, and astronomy.
       

347. Young Alfred biography
     
     • Weyl also began to make use of Young's ideas and Young tableau appear in his famous book Theory of groups and quantum mechanics.
       

348. Lobachevsky biography
     
     • Despite this heavy administrative load, Lobachevsky continued to teach a variety of different topics such as mechanics, hydrodynamics, integration, differential equations, the calculus of variations, and mathematical physics.
       

349. Osgood biography
     
     • Other classic texts included Introduction to Infinite Series (1897), A First Course in the Differential and Integral Calculus (1909), Topics in the theory of functions of several complex variables published by the American Mathematical Society in 1914, Plane and Solid Analytic Geometry (with W C Graustein, 1921), Advanced Calculus (1925), and Mechanics (1937).
       

350. Tamarkin biography
     
     • He had two nephews, one being a leading researcher in mechanics and physics who was a member of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences and the other was a famous psychiatrist who was a member of the Academy of Medical Sciences.
       

351. Wiener Norbert biography
     
     • Especially important was his contacts with Paul Levy and with Gottingen where his work was seen to have important connections with quantum mechanics.
       

352. De Rham biography
     
     • The theorem is then a sort of topological form of the particle-wave equivalence of quantum mechanics, and the quest for 'truly' understanding these and analogous dualities has been one of the great motivating forces in the mathematics of the last fifty years.
       

353. Bernoulli Johann biography
     
     • Bernoulli also made important contributions to mechanics with his work on kinetic energy, which, not surprisingly, was another topic on which mathematicians argued over for many years.
       

354. Walker John biography
     
     • He wrote some articles on theoretical mechanics but his more elaborate papers were on advanced algebra and geometry.
       

355. Weierstrass biography
     
     • The topics of his lectures included:- the application of Fourier series and integrals to mathematical physics (1856/57), an introduction to the theory of analytic functions (where he set out results he had obtained in 1841 but never published), the theory of elliptic functions (his main research topic), and applications to problems in geometry and mechanics.
       

356. Cosserat biography
     
     • Cosserat also worked on mechanics based on euclidean laws and built into an original and coherent theory.
       

357. Silva biography
     
     • Silva was appointed as a professor in the Instituto Superior de Agronomia in 1951 and remained there for ten years before returning to the Faculty of Sciences in Lisbon to the chairs of Mechanics and Astronomy.
       

358. Zermelo biography
     
     • Immediately following the award of the degree he was appointed as a lecturer at Gottingen on the strength of his contributions to statistical mechanics as well as to the calculus of variations.
       

359. De L'Hopital biography
     
     • In the third chapter he considers maximum and minimum problems giving examples from mechanics and geography.
       

360. Heine biography
     
     • At Halle, Heine taught a variety of courses such as: potential theory and its applications, number theory, Fourier series, trigonometric series, mechanics, and the theory of heat.
       

361. Molyneux William biography
     
     • The 'Dublin Philosophical Society for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, Mathematics and Mechanics' was officially founded in 1684 but, having no publication, the members tended to publish in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society.
       

362. Hilbert biography
     
     • This work also established the basis for his work on infinite-dimensional space, later called Hilbert space, a concept that is useful in mathematical analysis and quantum mechanics.
       

363. Faraday biography
     
     • He attended lectures on many different topics but he was particularly interested in those on electricity, galvanism and mechanics.
       

364. Ozanam biography
     
     • The other subjects which interested him at this stage were chemistry and mechanics but, in order to continue to receive his father's financial support, he had little option but to follow his father's wishes and begin to study theology.
       

365. Peirce Benjamin biography
     
     • Peirce undertook research on a wide range of mathematical topics from celestial mechanics and geodesy on the applied side to linear associative algebra and number theory on the pure side.
       

366. Playfair biography
     
     • The first volume covered dynamics, mechanics, hydrostatics, hydraulics, aerostatics, and pneumatics.
       

367. Dechales biography
     
     • Topics covered in this wide ranging work included practical geometry, mechanics, statics, magnetism and optics as well as topics outwith the usual topics of mathematics such as geography, architecture, astronomy, natural philosophy and music.
       

368. Gorbunov biography
     
     • He then remained at the University undertaking research for his doctorate but at the same time teaching as an instructor in the Department of Mechanics and Mathematics of the University.
       

369. Stirling biography
     
     • The syllabus included mechanics, hydrostatics, optics, and astronomy.
       

370. Jordan biography
     
     • Volumes 1 and 2 contain Jordan's papers on finite groups, Volume 3 contains his papers on linear and multilinear algebra and on the theory of numbers, while Volume 4 contains papers on the topology of polyhedra, differential equations, and mechanics.
       

371. Avicenna biography
     
     • Mechanics was a topic which ibn Sina classified under mathematics.
       

372. Specker biography
     
     • Geneve, Geneva, 1982), 11-24.',5)">5] where his 32 publications up to 1979 are divided into 10 categories: topology, recursive analysis, combinatorial set theory, type theory, axiomatic set theory, Ramsey's theorem, arithmetic, logic of quantum mechanics, algorithms, and miscellaneous.
       

373. Littlewood biography
     
     • We mentioned above that Littlewood was President of the London Mathematical Society, but that Society also honoured him with its De Morgan Medal in 1938 and its Senior Berwick Prize in 1960 for two papers which he wrote on celestial mechanics.
       

374. Neumann Carl biography
     
     • Appointed to Leipzig in the autumn of 1868 he gave his inaugural lecture, called an Antrittsvorlesung, in 1869 with the title On the principles of the Galileian-Newtonian theory of mechanics.
       

375. Mengoli biography
     
     • He was professor of arithmetic from 1648 to 1649, then professor of mechanics from 1649 to 1668 and, finally, professor of mathematics from 1668 until his death in 1686.
       

376. Zorawski biography
     
     • The main topics of his research were invariants of differential forms, integral invariants of Lie groups, differential geometry, and fluid mechanics.
       

377. Lax biography
     
     • He was one of the Spanish school of "calculatores" who studied mechanics, being particularly involved with numerical examples, and using as their main tools the elements of proportion theory and infinitesimal arithmetic.
       

378. Foucault biography
     
     • History Topics: Wave versus matrix mechanics .
       

379. Stepanov biography
     
     • Stepanov was appointed as lecturer in Moscow in 1915, then from 1921 he was involved in training young scientists at the Research Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics which had been founded in that year.
       
     • Stepanov was appointed Director of the Research Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics in 1939, continuing to hold this post until his death.
       

380. Mersenne biography
     
     • These letters read like an international review of mechanics in the early 17th century.
       

381. Delambre biography
     
     • In almost all branches of Mathematics one is blocked by insurmountable difficulties (but) the spectacle of analysis and mechanics in our time (convinces me that) the generations to come will not see anything impossible in what remains to be done.
       

382. Henrici Peter biography
     
     • He was elected President of the Gesellschaft fur Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik (German Society for Applied Mathematics and Mechanics) from 1977 to 1980 when he became Vice-President, serving in this role until 1983.
       

383. Gregory biography
     
     • He presented various papers to the Society on a variety of topics including astronomy, gravitation and mechanics.
       

384. Pitt biography
     
     • Experienced staff were qualified to teach the major areas of analysis, algebra, geometry, statistics, and the mechanics of rigid and deformable bodies, fluids and electromagnetism.
       

385. Kummer biography
     
     • Kummer's Berlin lectures, always carefully prepared, covered analytic geometry, mechanics, the theory of surfaces, and number theory.
       

386. Laszlo biography
     
     • However, at present renewed attention is being given to his results in optimization theory and mechanics.
       

387. Albert Abraham biography
     
     • Albert was able to use his expertise in structural questions regarding algebras to solve some of the problems in his 1934 paper On certain algebras of quantum mechanics.
       

388. Slutsky biography
     
     • He worked there until 1934 after which he joined the Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics of the University of Moscow and he began teaching at the University.
       

389. Stuart biography
     
     • From 1875 to 1889, Stuart was Professor of Mechanism and Applied Mechanics at Cambridge (a precursor of the Engineering department), but he resigned following Senate opposition to his emphasis on practical training and to his radical politics.
       

390. Petit Pierre biography
     
     • In the year Petit arrived in Paris, Mersenne published Traite des mouvements, and in the following year he published Les Mecanique de Galilee which was a version of Galileo's lectures on mechanics.
       

391. Gregory David biography
     
     • He lectured at Edinburgh University on optics, geometry, mechanics and hydrostatics.
       

392. Saunderson biography
     
     • The topics that he taught included Newtonian philosophy, hydrostatics, mechanics, optics, sound, and astronomy.
       

393. Hellinger biography
     
     • Hellinger would keep in touch with Born and developments in quantum mechanics for much of his life.
       

394. Fuchs Klaus biography
     
     • Fuchs published his first joint paper with Max Born in 1938, The Statistical Mechanics of Condensing Systems.
       

395. Witten biography
     
     • Witten explains that "supersymmetric quantum mechanics" is just Hodge-de Rham theory.
       

396. Bellavitis biography
     
     • Bellavitis was appointed professor of mathematics and mechanics at Vicenza in 1843.
       

397. Koszul biography
     
     • This work has coincided with developments in the field of analytic mechanics.
       

398. Abraham Max biography
     
     • Abraham was professor of rational mechanics at the University of Milan until 1914.
       

399. Drach biography
     
     • After an appointment at Toulouse, Drach was appointed to the Chair of Analytical Mechanics and Higher Analysis at the Sorbonne in Paris in 1913.
       

400. Benedetti biography
     
     • The Diversarum Speculationum contains a section on mechanics in which Benedetti again attacks Aristotle's physical concepts and also attacks Tartaglia's mechanics.
       

401. Reye biography
     
     • The reason for his change of area was that he was led towards geometry by his work in mechanics.
       

402. Sundman biography
     
     • constitute the greatest contribution to the development of this branch of modern celestial mechanics.
       

403. Lupas biography
     
     • He also held a number of important positions such as the Chair of Applied Mechanics from 1982 to 1985.
       

404. Petersen biography
     
     • His research was on a wide variety of topics from algebra and number theory to geometry, analysis, differential equations and mechanics.
       

405. Enskog biography
     
     • In 1930 Enskog was appointed professor of mathematics and mechanics at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm.
       

406. Clapeyron biography
     
     • He served the Academy on many committees, in particular serving on the committee which awarded the mechanics prize.
       

407. Landsberg biography
     
     • In particular he studied the role of these curves in the calculus of variations and in mechanics.
       

408. Frege biography
     
     • He lectured on all branches of mathematics, in particular analytic geometry, calculus, differential equations, and mechanics, although his mathematical publications outside the field of logic are few.
       

409. Betti biography
     
     • His final move was to substitute the chair of celestial mechanics for his chair of analysis and geometry in 1870.
       

410. Poisson biography
     
     • In 1809 he added another appointment, namely that of the chair of mechanics in the newly opened Faculte des Sciences.
       

411. Moufang biography
     
     • It is supplemented by a sequence of papers on continuum mechanics.
       

412. Esclangon biography
     
     • pure mathematics, applied celestial mechanics, relativity, observational astronomy, instrumental astronomy, astronomical chronometry, aerodynamics, interior and exterior ballistics, and aerial and underwater acoustic detection.
       

413. Stone biography
     
     • In 1932 he proved results on spectral theory, arising from group theoretical methods in quantum mechanics, which had been conjectured by Weyl.
       

414. Reynaud biography
     
     • Between 1808 and 1811 he assisted de Prony with the mechanics course and, from 1812 to 1814 he replaced Poinsot on the analysis course.
       

415. Archytas biography
     
     • Archytas is sometimes called the founder of mechanics and he is said to have invented two mechanical devices.
       

416. Zeuthen biography
     
     • He began to write on mechanics and he also made significant contributions to algebraic geometry, particularly the theory of algebraic surfaces.
       

417. Jordanus biography
     
     • The mechanics of this is easily done.
       

418. Linnik biography
     
     • Then, in 1932, he entered Leningrad University to study physics but, after studying for three years, he transferred to the Faculty of Mathematics and Mechanics at Leningrad State University.
       

419. Hevelius Johannes biography
     
     • Although he was a conscientious student of jurisprudence at Leyden he still found time to study mathematics, in particular optics and mechanics.
       

420. Le Verrier biography
     
     • His main work was in celestial mechanics.
       

421. Hawking biography
     
     • These mini black holes have large gravitational attraction governed by general relativity, while the laws of quantum mechanics would apply to objects that small.
       

422. Frobenius biography
     
     • Frobenius's representation theory for finite groups was later to find important applications in quantum mechanics and theoretical physics which may not have entirely pleased the man who had such "pure" views about mathematics.
       

423. Grassmann biography
     
     • Clifford algebras are used today in the theory of quadratic forms and in relativistic quantum mechanics.
       

424. Hirst biography
     
     • In February 1848 Hirst enrolled at the Halifax Mechanics Institute where he seemed for a while to be casting about seeking the subjects which interested him most.
       

425. Cournot biography
     
     • In [Souvenirs (Paris, 1913).',6)">6] Cournot writes of Poisson's opinion of his first papers in mechanics:- .
       

426. Delsarte biography
     
     • Despite his health problems, Delsarte taught the mechanics course in 1967-68.
       

427. Kneser Hellmuth biography
     
     • His doctoral studies there were directed by Hilbert and he submitted a dissertation on the mathematics of quantum mechanics in 1921 Untersuchungen zur Quantentheorie.
       

428. Zarankiewicz biography
     
     • There was no position for him at the university at this time so he was not able to teach his specialist research topics, but rather he had to teach mechanics, and statistics.
       

429. Fermi biography
     
     • He returned to Italy for the start of academic year 1924-25 and he spent that academic year and the following one as a temporary Lecturer in Mathematical Physics and Mechanics at the University of Florence.
       

430. Darboux biography
     
     • From 1873 to 1878 he was suppleant to Liouville in the chair of rational mechanics at the Sorbonne.
       

431. Peano biography
     
     • Among his teachers in his final year were again D'Ovidio with a further geometry course and Francesco Siacci with a mechanics course.
       

432. Lalande biography
     
     • Volume three covered 18th century pure mathematics, optics and mechanics in 832 pages, while the fourth volume covered 18th century astronomy, mathematical geography and navigation in 688 pages.
       

433. Young Lai-Sang biography
     
     • Dynamical systems as a mathematical discipline goes back to Poincare, who developed a qualitative approach to problems that arose from celestial mechanics.
       

434. Jourdain biography
     
     • Other papers relating to physics include On those principles of mechanics which depend upon processes of variation (1908), The principle of least action (1913), and The influence of Fourier's theory on the conduction of heat on the development of pure mathematics (1917).
       

435. Heun biography
     
     • In 1900 Heun was honoured with the title professor, and in 1902 he was nominated as first candidate for the vacant chair in technical mechanics at Technische Hochschule Karlsruhe.
       

436. Smale biography
     
     • An attractor in classical mechanics is a geometrical way of describing the behaviour of a dynamical system.
       

437. Bayes biography
     
     • There are also sections on natural philosophy in which Bayes looks at topics which include electricity, optics and celestial mechanics.
       

438. Maior biography
     
     • The Spanish members of Maior's school returned to Spain to form the "calculatores" who studied mechanics, being particularly involved with numerical examples, and using as their main tools the elements of proportion theory and infinitesimal arithmetic.
       

439. Crighton biography
     
     • He made new appointments to the areas of nonlinear dynamics and to solid mechanics.
       

440. Lamy biography
     
     • In previous publications [Lamy] had addressed the fields of rhetoric, mechanics, mathematics and geometry, and his discussion of perspective gains force and depth from his interest in the study of optics.
       

441. Bliss biography
     
     • On the other hand the subject is taken as an end in itself, and not as a mere adjunct of mechanics.
       

442. Hammer biography
     
     • He studied mathematics in the Mathematics and Mechanics Department of the University of Bucharest and was awarded his Diploma in 1958 after writing the dissertation Groups with Finite Classes of Conjugate Elements.
       

443. Netto biography
     
     • There he taught courses on advanced algebra, the calculus of variations, mechanics, Fourier series, and synthetic geometry.
       

444. Bonnet biography
     
     • Bonnet also published on cartography, algebra, rational mechanics and mathematical physics.
       

445. Durell biography
     
     • Among the books he wrote around this time were: Readable relativity (1926), A Concise Geometry (1928), Matriculation Algebra (1929), Arithmetic (1929), Advanced Trigonometry (1930), A shorter geometry (1931), The Teaching of Elementary Algebra (1931), Elementary Calculus (1934), A School Mechanics (1935), and General Arithmetic (1936).
       

446. Francoeur biography
     
     • Francoeur is famed as a writer of texts, publishing his mechanics book Traite de mecanique elementaire in 1800, an elementary course of mathematics in 1809 and an astronomy text in 1812.
       

447. Gutzmer biography
     
     • Among the advanced courses he taught we list: ordinary differential equations, analytic mechanics, calculus of variations, number theory, higher algebra, function theory and the theory of algebraic curves.
       

448. Littlewood Dudley biography
     
     • He also studied quantum mechanics and some of the problems in representation theory he considered were motivated by this.
       

449. Pearson biography
     
     • As well as giving lectures on statics, dynamics and mechanics, he completed the unfinished first volume of Clifford's The Common Sense of the Exact Sciences (published in 1885), completed and edited the half written first volume of Todhunter's History of the Theory of Elasticity, began working on the second volume which had hardly been started by Todhunter, and published many papers on applied mathematics.
       

450. Keller biography
     
     • During the war he undertook war related work and in 1941 was assigned to the naval college in Flensburg as a teacher for mathematics and mechanics.
       

451. Penney biography
     
     • After two years at the University of Wisconsin he returned to England and obtained a doctorate from the University of Cambridge in 1935 on the application of quantum mechanics to the physics of crystals.
       

452. Hutton biography
     
     • adapted particularly to the uses of schools, mathematicians and mechanics.
       

453. Routh biography
     
     • His work on mechanics was particularly important and in 1877 he was awarded the Adams Prize for work on dynamic stability Treatise on the stability of a given state of motion, particularly steady motion.
       

454. Wantzel biography
     
     • He became a lecturer in analysis at the Ecole Polytechnique in 1838 but, in addition, he was made an engineer in 1840 and from 1841 became professor of applied mechanics at the Ecole des Ponts et Chaussees.
       

455. Kagan biography
     
     • He founded a publication associated with this seminar Transactions of the seminar on Vector and Tensor Analysis with its applications to Geometry, Mechanics and Physics in 1933.
       

456. Maurolico biography
     
     • Maurolico also worked on geometry, the theory of numbers (L E Dickson notes some of his results), optics, conics and mechanics, writing important books on these topics.
       

457. Freundlich biography
     
     • During his years in St Andrews, as well as supervising the work of constructing a thirty-seven-inch Schmidt-Cassegrain telescope, he wrote another important text Celestial mechanics (1958) [The Times [available on the Web]',2)">2]:- .
       

458. Kuperberg biography
     
     • This was already observed by H Poincare (in 1890), who discussed the existence of periodic orbits for the three-body problem in celestial mechanics.
       

459. Wilson Edwin biography
     
     • Wilson had been inspired by Gibbs to work on mathematical physics and he began to write papers on mechanics and the theory of relativity.
       

460. Adams biography
     
     • He would go to the Devonport Mechanics' Institute where he looked up articles on mathematics and astronomy.
       

461. Vallee Poussin biography
     
     • Further important texts published by him were his Borel tract on the Lebesgue integral (1916), approximation theory (1919), mechanics (1924), and potential theory (1937).
       

462. Schwarzschild biography
     
     • It was in large part what he learnt through his friendship with Epstein which led to Schwarzschild mastering celestial mechanics by the age of sixteen.
       

463. Wolf Frantisek biography
     
     • Such perturbation results are important, for example, in quantum mechanics where physical phenomena are interpreted through linear operators on Hilbert space.
       

464. Maxwell biography
     
     • Poisson, Mechanics .
       

465. Savile biography
     
     • He was also required to show the practical applications of mathematics, teach arithmetic, mechanics and the theory of music.
       

466. Russell Scott biography
     
     • Later, he also taught at the Leith Mechanics Institute, and gave courses on mathematics and natural philosophy to medical students, under the auspices of the Royal College of Surgeons.
       

467. Bari biography
     
     • This was awarded in 1926 and after this Bari became a research assistant at the Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics in Moscow.
       

468. Mannheim biography
     
     • Mannheim's work on the exact synthesis of mechanisms is studied in [Studies in the history of physics and mechanics 1988 \'Nauka\' (Moscow, 1988), 218-232.
       

469. Todhunter biography
     
     • He also wrote some more elementary texts, for example Algebra (1858), Trigonometry (1859), Theory of Equations (1861), Euclid (1862), Mechanics (1867) and Mensuration (1869).
       

470. Walker Arthur biography
     
     • His papers include ones on relativistic mechanics, completely symmetric spaces, completely harmonic spaces and Riemannian manifolds.
       

471. Bolyai biography
     
     • By the time Bolyai was 13, he had mastered the calculus and other forms of analytical mechanics, his father continuing to give him instruction.
       

472. Fourier biography
     
     • In 1797 he succeeded Lagrange in being appointed to the chair of analysis and mechanics.
       

473. Mayer Adolph biography
     
     • Mayer worked on differential equations, the calculus of variations and mechanics.
       

474. Schramm biography
     
     • For his contributions to discrete conformal geometry, where he discovered new classes of circle patterns described by integrable systems and proved the ultimate results on convergence to the corresponding conformal mappings, and for the discovery of the Stochastic Loewner Process as a candidate for scaling limits in two dimensional statistical mechanics.
       

475. Gateaux biography
     
     • As Gateaux only mentions that he followed two of Volterra's lectures in Rome (one of Mathematical Physics, the other about applications of functional calculus to Mechanics), it is probable that the delay refers to Volterra's political involvements as Senator.
       

476. Calugareanu biography
     
     • Some of his results had applications in molecular biology or fluid mechanics.
       

477. Chasles biography
     
     • Topics he taught were geodesy, mechanics, and astronomy.
       

478. Binet biography
     
     • In 1814 he was appointed examiner of descriptive geometry then, in 1815, he was appointed to succeed Poisson in mechanics.
       

479. Lueroth biography
     
     • This mechanics book makes heavy use of the vector calculus.
       

480. Kaluza biography
     
     • The theory, initially a popular topic of research, quickly lost favour with the introduction of quantum mechanics.
       

481. Loyd biography
     
     • He continued to compose chess problems, write newspaper columns, and edit papers such as Sam Loyd's Puzzle Magazine and even a mechanics journal.
       

482. Carnot biography
     
     • It deals with mechanics and areas of engineering.
       

483. Maskelyne biography
     
     • mechanics, pneumatics and hydrostatics.
       

484. Van der Waerden biography
     
     • Then, after teaching mathematics and mechanics in Leeuwarden and Dordrecht, he moved to Amsterdam in 1902 where again he taught mathematics and mechanics.
       
     • Van der Waerden worked on algebraic geometry, abstract algebra, groups, topology, number theory, geometry, combinatorics, analysis, probability theory, mathematical statistics, quantum mechanics, the history of mathematics, the history of modern physics, the history of astronomy and the history of ancient science.
       

485. Taylor biography
     
     • Returning to the paper, it is a mechanics paper which rests heavily on Newton's approach to the differential calculus.
       

486. Brauer biography
     
     • This work was to provide a background for the work of Paul Dirac in his exposition of the theory of the spinning electron within the framework of quantum mechanics.
       

487. Caratheodory biography
     
     • He also made contributions in thermodynamics, the special theory of relativity, mechanics, and geometrical optics.
       

488. Hobbes biography
     
     • It is fair to say that much of Hobbes' mathematical ideas are generalised from Galileo's study of mechanics and of motion.
       

489. Ibrahim biography
     
     • In fact geometric transformations figure a great deal in Ibrahim's works and this interesting aspect is discussed in detail in [History and Methodology of Natural Sciences IX : Mechanics, Mathematics (Moscow, 1970), 178-181.',4)">4].
       

490. Kempe biography
     
     • Tokarenko writes in [Problems in the history of mathematics and mechanics (Kiev, 1977), 8-57; 131.
       

491. Polkinghorne biography
     
     • Polkinghorne took Part II of the Mathematical tripos in his second year, then took Part III in his third year, specialising in quantum mechanics.
       

492. Joachimsthal biography
     
     • At the University of Berlin Joachimsthal taught courses on analytic geometry and calculus, giving more advanced courses on the theory of surfaces, the calculus of variations, statics and analytic mechanics.
       

493. Wallis biography
     
     • There, to avoid being diverted to other discourses and for some other reasons, we barred all discussion of Divinity, of State Affairs, and of news (other than what concerned our business of philosophy) confining ourselves to philosophical inquiries, and related topics; as medicine, anatomy, geometry, astronomy, navigation, statics, mechanics, and natural experiments.
       

494. Ceva Giovanni biography
     
     • He also studied applications of mechanics and statics to geometric systems.
       

History Topics

1. Quantum mechanics history references
   
   • References for: A history of Quantum Mechanics .
     
   • D Aschman, The legacy of Erwin Schrodinger : quantum mechanics, Trans.
     
   • M Beller, The conceptual and the anecdotal history of quantum mechanics, Found.
     
   • L M Brown, Quantum mechanics, in I Grattan-Guinness (ed.), Companion Encyclopedia of the History and Philosophy of the Mathematical Sciences (London, 1994), 1252-1260.
     
   • A B Datsev, The role of Erwin Schrodinger (1887-1961) in the creation and interpretation of quantum mechanics (Bulgarian), Fiz.-Mat.
     
   • C P Enz, Heisenberg's applications of quantum mechanics (1926-33) or the settling of the new land, Helv.
     
   • G S Im, Experimental constraints on formal quantum mechanics : the emergence of Born's quantum theory of collision processes in Gottingen, 1924-1927, Archive for History of Exact Sciences 50 (1) (1996), 73-101.
     
   • M Jammer, The philosophy of quantum mechanics : the interpretations of quantum mechanics in historical perspective (New York, 1974).
     
   • C W Kilmister, Quantum mechanics 1899-1925 : a survey of concept formation, Bull.
     
   • P T Matthews, Dirac and the foundation of quantum mechanics, Reminiscences about a great physicist : Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac (Cambridge, 1987), 199-224.
     
   • J Mehra, Dirac's contribution to the early development of quantum mechanics, in Tributes to Paul Dirac (Bristol, 1987), 63-75.
     
   • K von Meyenn, Pauli, Schrodinger and the conflict about the interpretation of quantum mechanics, in Symposium on the foundations of modern physics (Singapore, 1985), 289-302.
     
   • A I Miller (ed.), Sixty-two years of uncertainty : historical, philosophical, and physical inquiries into the foundations of quantum mechanics (New York, 1990).
     
   • N Mukunda, The mathematics and physics of quantum mechanics, Math.
     
   • R M Nugayev, The history of quantum mechanics as a decisive argument favoring Einstein over Lorentz, Philos.
     
   • A Pais, Max Born's statistical interpretation of quantum mechanics, Science 218 (4578) (1982), 1193-1198.
     
   • M Paty, The nature of Einstein's objections to the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics, Found.
     
   • J C Polkinghorne, Dirac and the interpretation of quantum mechanics, in Tributes to Paul Dirac (Bristol, 1987), 76-83.
     
   • H Reichenbach, The space problem in the new quantum mechanics, Erkenntnis 35 (1-3) (1991), 29-47.
     
   • F Rohrlich, Schrodinger and the interpretation of quantum mechanics, Found.
     
   • F Rohrlich, Schroedinger's criticism of quantum mechanics-fifty years later, in Symposium on the foundations of modern physics (Singapore, 1985), 555-572.
     
   • B L van der Waerden, From matrix mechanics and wave mechanics to unified quantum mechanics, Notices Amer.
     
   • I : Schrodinger and his path to quantum mechanics (Czech), Pokroky Mat.
     

2. Quantum mechanics history references
   
   • References for: A history of Quantum Mechanics .
     
   • D Aschman, The legacy of Erwin Schrodinger : quantum mechanics, Trans.
     
   • M Beller, The conceptual and the anecdotal history of quantum mechanics, Found.
     
   • L M Brown, Quantum mechanics, in I Grattan-Guinness (ed.), Companion Encyclopedia of the History and Philosophy of the Mathematical Sciences (London, 1994), 1252-1260.
     
   • A B Datsev, The role of Erwin Schrodinger (1887-1961) in the creation and interpretation of quantum mechanics (Bulgarian), Fiz.-Mat.
     
   • C P Enz, Heisenberg's applications of quantum mechanics (1926-33) or the settling of the new land, Helv.
     
   • G S Im, Experimental constraints on formal quantum mechanics : the emergence of Born's quantum theory of collision processes in Gottingen, 1924-1927, Archive for History of Exact Sciences 50 (1) (1996), 73-101.
     
   • M Jammer, The philosophy of quantum mechanics : the interpretations of quantum mechanics in historical perspective (New York, 1974).
     
   • C W Kilmister, Quantum mechanics 1899-1925 : a survey of concept formation, Bull.
     
   • P T Matthews, Dirac and the foundation of quantum mechanics, Reminiscences about a great physicist : Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac (Cambridge, 1987), 199-224.
     
   • J Mehra, Dirac's contribution to the early development of quantum mechanics, in Tributes to Paul Dirac (Bristol, 1987), 63-75.
     
   • K von Meyenn, Pauli, Schrodinger and the conflict about the interpretation of quantum mechanics, in Symposium on the foundations of modern physics (Singapore, 1985), 289-302.
     
   • A I Miller (ed.), Sixty-two years of uncertainty : historical, philosophical, and physical inquiries into the foundations of quantum mechanics (New York, 1990).
     
   • N Mukunda, The mathematics and physics of quantum mechanics, Math.
     
   • R M Nugayev, The history of quantum mechanics as a decisive argument favoring Einstein over Lorentz, Philos.
     
   • A Pais, Max Born's statistical interpretation of quantum mechanics, Science 218 (4578) (1982), 1193-1198.
     
   • M Paty, The nature of Einstein's objections to the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics, Found.
     
   • J C Polkinghorne, Dirac and the interpretation of quantum mechanics, in Tributes to Paul Dirac (Bristol, 1987), 76-83.
     
   • H Reichenbach, The space problem in the new quantum mechanics, Erkenntnis 35 (1-3) (1991), 29-47.
     
   • F Rohrlich, Schrodinger and the interpretation of quantum mechanics, Found.
     
   • F Rohrlich, Schroedinger's criticism of quantum mechanics-fifty years later, in Symposium on the foundations of modern physics (Singapore, 1985), 555-572.
     
   • B L van der Waerden, From matrix mechanics and wave mechanics to unified quantum mechanics, Notices Amer.
     
   • I : Schrodinger and his path to quantum mechanics (Czech), Pokroky Mat.
     

3. Quantum mechanics history
   
   • A history of Quantum Mechanics .
     
   • Schrodinger in 1926 published a paper giving his equation for the hydrogen atom and heralded the birth of wave mechanics.
     Go directly to this paragraph
     
   • One does not get an answer to the question, What is the state after collision? but only to the question, How probable is a given effect of the collision? From the standpoint of our quantum mechanics, there is no quantity which causally fixes the effect of a collision in an individual event.
     
   • Heisenberg wrote his first paper on quantum mechanics in 1925 and 2 years later stated his uncertainty principle.
     Go directly to this paragraph
     
   • In fact 'rival' matrix mechanics deriving from Heisenberg's work and wave mechanics resulting from Schrodinger's work now entered the arena.
     Go directly to this paragraph
     

4. Wave versus matrix
   
   • Wave versus matrix mechanics .
     
   • We want to examine here the different models for the atom provided by wave mechanics and by quantum mechanics.
     
   • This model for light provided Schrodinger with the intuition to devise the wave mechanics model of the atom.
     
   • The theory by Heisenberg to which Schrodinger refers is quantum mechanics which he put forward in 1925.
     
   • Investigation of the type of physical reality which is proper to electrons and atoms is precisely the subject of atomic physics and thus also of quantum mechanics.
     

5. Orbits
   
   • This was to lead to the development of mechanics of rigid bodies, but even this would not give a completely accurate picture of the two body problem since tidal forces mean that neither the Earth nor Moon is rigid.
     
   • D'Alembert quickly showed that Bradley's observed period was deducible from the inverse square law and Euler further clarified this with further work on the mechanics of rigid bodies during the 1750's.
     Go directly to this paragraph
     
   • Lagrange introduced the method of variation of the arbitrary constants in a paper in 1776 stating that the method was of interest in celestial mechanics and, in special cases, had been already been used by Euler, Laplace and himself.
     Go directly to this paragraph
     
   • The first of these lines was celestial mechanics while the second was rational or analytic mechanics.
     
   • Papers published by Hamilton in 1834 and 1835 made major contributions to the mechanics of orbiting bodies.
     Go directly to this paragraph
     
   • This was a remarkable achievement for Newton's theory of gravitation and of celestial mechanics.
     Go directly to this paragraph
     

6. Bolzano publications.html
   
   • There are also entries relating to Bolzano's ideas on mechanics.
     
   • Most manuscripts of the present volume constitute steps toward the realization of a planned sequel to that book; their contents range from an exposition of General Mathesis, supplemented by an extensive analysis of the notion of quantity, through a theory of cause and consequence, called 'aetiology', to essays on geometry and mechanics.
     
   • Contains his thoughts on Euclidean geometry, manipulations of series, functions and foundations of calculus, and topics in mechanics.
     
   • Covers topics such as geometry, calculus, and mechanics frequently making philosophical commnts.
     
   • In these entries Bolzano considers geometry at both an elementary and advanced level, mechanics, and the foundation of mathematics.
     

7. Modern light
   
   • Two mathematical models of quantum mechanics were presented, that of matrix mechanics, proposed by Werner Heisenberg, Max Born, and Pascual Jordan, and that of wave mechanics proposed by Erwin Schrodinger.
     
   • On the other hand, I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics.
     

8. Gravitation
   
   • There is the physics of the situation which involves finding the equations which govern bodies acted on by gravity, and for this a proper understanding of the laws of mechanics is required.
     
   • Galileo made a staggering advance in understanding mechanics and the way bodies move under gravity, but he did not tackle the reasons for objects to behave as they do.
     
   • All one needed to do was to construct a mathematical theory of mechanics and all would be understood.
     
   • (Motus is not momentum since mass times speed has no direction.) To Descartes the only properties that a body possessed were a mass and a speed and his mechanics was based on a conservation of motus.
     

9. Mathematics and Architecture
   
   • He worked as an architect advising on fortifications and he wrote an architectural treatise as well as important works on mechanics.
     
   • There he taught mechanics, architecture and astronomy.
     
   • With this training he went on to become a teacher of physics, mechanics, hydraulics and descriptive geometry at the Technische Hochschule in Darmstadt.
     

10. History overview
    
    • Toward the end of the 18th Century, Lagrange was to begin a rigorous theory of functions and of mechanics.
      Go directly to this paragraph
      
    • The period around the turn of the century saw Laplace's great work on celestial mechanics as well as major progress in synthetic geometry by Monge and Carnot.
      Go directly to this paragraph
      
    • Statistical mechanics was developed by Maxwell, Boltzmann and Gibbs.
      Go directly to this paragraph
      

11. Mathematics and Art references
    
    • K Andersen, Ancient roots of linear perspective, in From ancient omens to statistical mechanics (Copenhagen, 1987), 75-89.
      
    • P Freguglia, De la perspective a la geometrie projective : le cas du theoreme de Desargues sur les triangles homologiques, in Entre mecanique et architecture/Between mechanics and architecture (Basel, 1995), 89-100.
      

12. 20th century time
    
    • Mach published a history of mechanics in 1883.
      
    • Let us now look at another revolution in time which took place in the 20th century with the discovery of quantum mechanics, see [Nuncius Ann.
      

13. Classical time
    
    • Quantum mechanics and relativity theory in the 20th century have shown the complexities, and sometime apparent paradoxes, in the notion of time.
      
    • Laplace correctly argued that given the laws of mechanics, the complete picture of the past and future world is encapsulated in the present world.
      

14. Forgery 1
    
    • Leibniz, Descartes and Newton each developed theories of how matter interacted, with each providing a version of mechanics.
      
    • Leibniz's mechanics was based essentially on what today is called kinetic energy, while that of Descartes was based on momentum.
      

15. Mathematics and Art references
    
    • K Andersen, Ancient roots of linear perspective, in From ancient omens to statistical mechanics (Copenhagen, 1987), 75-89.
      
    • P Freguglia, De la perspective a la geometrie projective : le cas du theoreme de Desargues sur les triangles homologiques, in Entre mecanique et architecture/Between mechanics and architecture (Basel, 1995), 89-100.
      

16. function concept references
    
    • XIV : Mathematics, mechanics (Russian) (Izdat.
      

17. Coffee houses
    
    • Beginning January 11, 1713-14, a course of philosophical lectures on mechanics, hydrostatics, pneumatics, optics, ..
      

18. references
    
    • (1948), Space-time approach to non-relativistic quantum mechanics, Review of Modern Physics, 20, 367-387.
      

19. Fund theorem of algebra references
    
    • S S Petrova, From the history of the analytic proofs of the fundamental theorem of algebra (Russian), History and methodology of the natural sciences XIV : Mathematics, mechanics (Moscow, 1973), 167-172.
      

20. Arabic mathematics
    
    • Diocles' treatise on mirrors, Theodosius's Spherics, Pappus's work on mechanics, Ptolemy's Planisphaerium, and Hypsicles' treatises on regular polyhedra (the so-called Books XIV and XV of Euclid's Elements) ..
      Go directly to this paragraph
      

21. Doubling the cube
    
    • Plato reproached the disciples of Eudoxus, Archytas and Menaechmus for resorting to mechanics and instrumental means for resolving the problem of duplication of volume; for in their desire to find in some fashion, two mean proportionals, they resorted to a method that was irrational.
      

22. Matrices and determinants
    
    • This 1773 paper on mechanics, however, contains what we now think of as the volume interpretation of a determinant for the first time.
      

23. Pi history
    
    • How I want a drink, alcoholic of course, after the heavy lectures involving quantum mechanics.
      Go directly to this paragraph
      

24. Calculus history
    
    • No further progress was made until the 16th Century when mechanics began to drive mathematicians to examine problems such as centres of gravity.
      Go directly to this paragraph
      

25. function concept references
    
    • XIV : Mathematics, mechanics (Russian) (Izdat.
      

26. Fund theorem of algebra references
    
    • S S Petrova, From the history of the analytic proofs of the fundamental theorem of algebra (Russian), History and methodology of the natural sciences XIV : Mathematics, mechanics (Moscow, 1973), 167-172.
      

27. Physical world
    
    • If we deduce results about mechanics from these laws, are we discovering properties of the physical world, or are we simply proving results in an abstract mathematical system? Does a mathematical model, no matter how good, only predict behaviour of the physical world or does it give us insight into the nature of that world? Does the belief that the world functions through simple mathematical relationships tell us something about the world, or does it only tell us something about the way humans think.
      

28. Measurement references
    
    • L L Kulvecas, Two dates in the history of the development of the metric system of measures (Russian), in Problems in the history of mathematics and mechanics (Kiev, 1977), 109-115; 133.
      

29. Measurement references
    
    • L L Kulvecas, Two dates in the history of the development of the metric system of measures (Russian), in Problems in the history of mathematics and mechanics (Kiev, 1977), 109-115; 133.
      

Famous Curves

1. Hyperbolic
   
   • His chief contributions were to mechanics.
     

Societies etc

1. German Society for Applied Mathematics and Mechanics
   
   • The German Society for Applied Mathematics and Mechanics .
     
   • On 21 September 1922 the German Society for Applied Mathematics and Mechanics (GAMM) was founded at a meeting in Leipzig.
     
   • of fostering and advancing the scientific exploration of all branches of mechanics, mathematics, and physics which are among the bases of the engineering sciences.
     
   • The main topics of interest to the Society were hydrodynamics, aerodynamics, solid state mechanics, and numerical mathematics.
     
   • Now von Mises and Reissner were Jewish and they indicated to Prandtl that they wished to resign their offices in the German Society for Applied Mathematics and Mechanics.
     
   • Our colleagues, von Mises and Reissner, have indicated to me that the Society for Applied Mathematics and Mechanics on the occasion of its next major meeting must become coordinated and that they themselves on this occasion would wish to resign.
     
   • Mechanics, just as mathematics and the exact sciences, has not the slightest connection to politics according to its internal structure.
     
   • These are at present: Efficient Numerical Methods for Partial Differential Equations, Computer Arithmetic and Scientific Computation, Inverse Problems: Analysis and Numerical Methods, Applied Stochastic Analysis and Optimization, Material-Theory, Mathematical Analysis of Nonlinear Phenomena, Dynamics and Control Theory, Scientific Computing, Experimental Mechanics, Didactics in Mechanics, Analysis of Microstructure, Applied and Numerical Algebra, and Multiple Field Problems in Solid Mechanics.
     
   • It publishes the GAMM-Mitteilungen (GAMM-Messages) twice yearly, which contains original research contributions as well as surveys of areas of applied mathematics and mechanics.
     

2. AMS Wiener Prize
   
   • for his distinguished work in the perturbation theory of quantum mechanics.
     
   • for his outstanding contribution of original and non-perturbative mathematical methods in statistical mechanics by means of which he was able to solve several long open important problems concerning critical phenomena, phase transitions, and quantum field theory; and to Jerrold E Marsden for his outstanding contributions to the study of differential equations in mechanics: he proved the existence of chaos in specific classical differential equations; his work on the momentum map, from abstract foundations to detailed applications, has had great impact.
     
   • in recognition of his seminal work in computational fluid dynamics, statistical mechanics, and turbulence; and to Arthur T Winfree in recognition of his profound impact on the field of biological rhythms, otherwise known as coupled nonlinear oscillators.
     

3. Ukrainian Academy of Sciences
   
   • The Mechanics Institute in Kiev was founded in 1919:- .
     
   • The Applied Mathematics and Mechanics Institute was set up in Donetsk in 1965 with I I Daniliuk as its first director:- .
     
   • The Applied Problems of Mechanics and Mathematics Institute in Lvov was founded in 1978:- .
     
   • The institute studies functional analysis, fundamental and applied problems of algebra, solid state mechanics and mathematical physics, including the theory of differential and integral equations and matrix polynomials.
     

4. Ukrainian Academy of Sciences
   
   • The Mechanics Institute in Kiev was founded in 1919:- .
     
   • The Applied Mathematics and Mechanics Institute was set up in Donetsk in 1965 with I I Daniliuk as its first director:- .
     
   • The Applied Problems of Mechanics and Mathematics Institute in Lvov was founded in 1978:- .
     
   • The institute studies functional analysis, fundamental and applied problems of algebra, solid state mechanics and mathematical physics, including the theory of differential and integral equations and matrix polynomials.
     

5. Paris Academy of Sciences
   
   • These in turn were each divided into three, with geometry, mechanics and astronomy being the three Mathematical Sciences, while chemistry, botany and anatomy were the three Physical Sciences.
     
   • To geometry, mechanics and astronomy in the Mathematical Sciences was added 'general physics'.
     
   • The two categories of Mathematical Sciences and Physical Sciences were retained for the First Class with Mathematical Sciences now divided into five: geometry; mechanics; astronomy; geography and navigation; and general physics.
     

6. AMS/SIAM Birkhoff Prize
   
   • for his important contributions to statistical mechanics and to probability theory and its applications.
     
   • for his outstanding contributions to our understanding of the subjects of rational mechanics and nonlinear materials, for his efforts to give precise mathematical formulation to these classical subjects, for his many contributions to applied mathematics in the fields of acoustic theory, kinetic theory, and nonlinear elastic theory, and the thermodynamics of mixtures, and for his major work in the history of mechanics.
     

7. Mathematics 2005
   
   • Mechanics of Fluids .
     
   • Solid Mechanics .
     

8. Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
   
   • For example the Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences organised a conference on Generalized Functions and Operational Calculus which took place in Varna, from 29 September to 6 October 1975.
     
   • As third and final example we mention that in 1980 the Centre for Mathematics and Mechanics of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences organised a conference on mathematical logic dedicated to the memory of A A Markov (1903-1979).
     

9. NAS Award in Applied Mathematics
   
   • for his fundamental contributions to fluid mechanics, especially for his path-breaking work on stability of fluid flows.
     
   • for his profound and penetrating solution of outstanding problems of statistical mechanics.
     

10. Minutes for 1968
    
    • It was changed, therefore, but then coincided with the date of this General Meeting, and also with the Tenth British Theoretical Mechanics Colloquium at Oxford.
      
    • but also with the Tenth British Theoretical Mechanics Colloquium at Oxford.
      

11. Serbian Academy of Sciences
    
    • The main topic of interest in the early years was analysis and its applications in mechanics but the topics of interest quickly broadened to cover a wide spectrum of mathematics.
      
    • In the 1980s geometry and topology moved into leading roles, while in the 1990s the original topics from the 1950s of analysis and mechanics again became among the most widely studied.
      

12. International Congress Speakers
    
    • George David Birkhoff, On the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics.
      
    • Sydney Goldstein, On Some Methods of Approximation in Fluid Mechanics.
      

13. SIAM von Kármán Prize
    
    • for a notable application of mathematics to mechanics and/or the engineering sciences made during the five to ten years preceding the award.
      

14. London Royal Society
    
    • natural philosophy, the mechanics and husbandry according to the principles of the Philosophical College, that values no knowledge but that it has a tendency to use.
      

15. London Royal Society
    
    • natural philosophy, the mechanics and husbandry according to the principles of the Philosophical College, that values no knowledge but that it has a tendency to use.
      

16. Polish Academy of Sciences
    
    • Archives of Mechanics (Archiwum Mechaniki Stosowanej).
      

17. Mathematical Circle of Palermo
    
    • The goal was to stimulate the study of higher mathematics by means of original communications presented by the members of the society on the different branches of analysis and geometry, as well as on rational mechanics, mathematical physics, geodesy, and astronomy.
      

18. Hellenic Mathematical Society
    
    • Maltezos, who worked on mechanics and theoretical physics, had been dismissed by the University of Athens in 1920 by the royalist Minister of Education after the exiled King Constantine I had been restored to his throne.
      

19. European Mathematical Society Prizes
    
    • In particular, he brings complex analysis into the realm of Hamiltonian mechanics, which marks a principally new step in a this classical field.
      

20. Bakerian Lecturers
    
    • The physical interpretation of quantum mechanics (Proc.
      

21. Nowacki
    
    • Profession: Mathematician, Theoretical Mechanics .
      

22. Minutes for 1981
    
    • It was agreed that the British Theoretical Mechanics Colloquium and the Mathematical Association be informed of the dates of the future B.M.C.s and that the possibility of cooperation over dates for the future be explored.
      

23. Minutes for 1982
    
    • There would be no clash with the 1983 British Theoretical Mechanics Colloquium.
      

24. BMC 2002
    
    • Special session: Geometry topology and mechanics Organiser: M Robertsn .
      

25. BMC 1985
    
    • Fefferman, C LQuantum statistical mechanics of Coulomb systems .
      

26. Scientific Committee minutes 2004
    
    • in the series which started at Manchester as the British Theoretical Mechanics Colloquium.
      

27. BMC 2008
    
    • Truman, AOn the Divine Clockwork and stochastic mechanics.
      

28. List of societies by date of foundation
    
    • 1922 German Society for Applied Mathematics & Mechanics .
      

29. Alphabetical List of Mathematical Societies
    
    • German Society for Applied Maths & Mechanics .
      

30. Turin Mathematical Society
    
    • This paper contained equations which Laplace stated were important in mechanics and physical astronomy.
      

31. Young Mathematician prize
    
    • for work on regularity of solutions of some problems in mechanics.
      

32. Spitalfields Mathematical Society (London)
    
    • 5 different lecturers delivered between them 22 lectures in all - 3 on mechanics, 2 on hydrostatics, 2 on pneumatics, 2 on optics, 3 on astronomy, 6 on chemistry, 1 on magnetism, 2 on electricity, and 1 on galvanism.
      

33. AMS Steele Prize
    
    • for his paper "Ergodic theory and its significance for statistical mechanics and probability theory".
      

References

1. References for Newton
   
   • H Erlichson, Motive force and centripetal force in Newton's mechanics, Amer.
     
   • A Gabbey, Newton's 'Mathematical principles of natural philosophy' : a treatise on 'mechanics'?, in The investigation of difficult things (Cambridge, 1992), 305-322.
     
   • I A Gerasimov, Newton and celestial mechanics (Russian), Istor.-Astronom.
     
   • A T Grigor'yan, Isaac Newton's work of genius (Russian), Studies in the history of physics and mechanics 1987 'Nauka' (Moscow, 1987), 177-191; 245-246.
     
   • P V Kharlamov, The concept of force in Newton's mechanics (Russian), Mekh.
     
   • L L Kul'vetsas, The content of the concept of force in Newton's mechanics (Russian), in Studies in the history of physics and mechanics, 1990 'Nauka' (Moscow, 1990), 131-149.
     
   • A A Mills, Newton's water clocks and the fluid mechanics of clepsydrae, Notes and Records Roy.
     
   • B Pourciau, Reading the master : Newton and the birth of celestial mechanics, Amer.
     
   • V Szebehely, Sir Isaac Newton and modern celestial mechanics, Acad.
     
   • I A Tyulina, On the foundations of Newtonian mechanics (on the 300th anniversary of Newton's 'Principia') (Russian), Istor.
     
   • I A Tyulina, On the foundations of Newtonian mechanics (on the 300th anniversary of Newton's 'Principia') (Russian), Istor.
     

2. References for Einstein
   
   • A Baracca and R Rechtman, Einstein's statistical mechanics, Rev.
     
   • B Cimbleris, Einstein's works on thermodynamics (1902-1904) and the statistical mechanics of Gibbs (Portuguese), in The XIXth century : the birth of modern science (Campinas, 1992), 405-412.
     
   • H Ezawa, Einstein's contribution to statistical mechanics, classical and quantum, Japan.
     
   • C Gearhart, A Einstein before 1905 : the early papers on statistical mechanics, Amer.
     
   • R M Nugayev, The history of quantum mechanics as a decisive argument favoring Einstein over Lorentz, Philos.
     
   • M Paty, The nature of Einstein's objections to the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics, Found.
     
   • A Rossi, Mach and Einstein : Influence of Mach's 'Mechanics' on Einstein's thought (Italian), Physis-Riv.
     
   • J Stachel, Einstein and quantum mechanics, in Conceptual problems of quantum gravity (Boston, MA, 1991), 13-42.
     
   • E Stipanich, Boskovic and Einstein (Russian), in Investigations in the history of mechanics 'Nauka' (Moscow, 1983), 219-245.
     

3. References for Fock
   
   • Quantum mechanics and quantum field theory (Chapman & Hall/CRC, Boca Raton, FL, 2004).
     
   • A D Aleksandrov and G M Idlis, The contribution of V A Fok to the relativistic theory of space, time and gravity (Russian), Studies in the history of physics and mechanics, 1988 ("Nauka", Moscow, 1988), 106-113.
     
   • A D Aleksandrov and G M Idlis, The contribution of V A Fok to the relativistic theory of space, time and gravity (Russian), Studies in the history of physics and mechanics 1998-1999 ("Nauka", Moscow, 2000), 36-49; 294; 298.
     
   • N V Fok, Vladimir Aleksandrovich Fok (a biographical sketch) (Russian), Studies in the history of physics and mechanics 1998-1999 ("Nauka", Moscow, 2000), 5-25; 294; 298.
     
   • G E Gorelik, Vladimir Aleksandrovich Fok: a philosophical lesson on the history of physics (Russian), Studies in the history of physics and mechanics 1998-1999 ("Nauka", Moscow, 2000), 50-71; 294; 298.
     
   • A B Kozhevnikov, V A Fok and the method of second quantization (Russian), Studies in the history of physics and mechanics, 1988 ("Nauka", Moscow, 1988), 113-138.
     
   • Yu S Vladimirov, V A Fok and the principal problems of the theory of space-time and interactions (Russian), Studies in the history of physics and mechanics 1998-1999 ("Nauka", Moscow, 2000), 26-36; 294; 298.
     

4. References for Lagrange
   
   • I Chobanov, Lagrange and mechanics : myth and reality (Bulgarian), Annuaire Univ.
     
   • C G Fraser, J L Lagrange's early contributions to the principles and methods of mechanics, Arch.
     
   • A T Grigor'yan, Lagrange's works on mechanics (Russian), Voprosy Istor.
     
   • A T Grigor'yan, Lagrange's work on mechanics.
     
   • On the occasion of the bicentennial of the publication of 'Mecanique analytique' (Russian), Studies in the history of physics and mechanics 1989 'Nauka' (Moscow, 1989), 157-170.
     
   • M Panza, The analytical foundation of mechanics of discrete systems in Lagrange's 'Theorie des fonctions analytiques', compared with Lagrange's earlier treatments of this topic II, Historia Sci.
     
   • M Panza, The analytical foundation of mechanics of discrete systems in Lagrange's 'Theorie des fonctions analytiques', compared with Lagrange's earlier treatments of this topic I, Historia Sci.
     

5. References for Kochin
   
   • S M Belotserkovskii, The work of N E Kochin and some current problems of aerodynamics and hydrodynamics, N E Kochin and the development of mechanics, 'Nauka' (Moscow, 1984), 115-130.
     
   • A A Dorodnitsyn, N E Kochin-principles and system of the scientist's work (Russian), N E Kochin and the development of mechanics, 'Nauka' (Moscow, 1984), 8-12.
     
   • A Yu Ishlinskii, Nikolai Evgrafovich Kochin (Russian), N E Kochin and the development of mechanics, 'Nauka' (Moscow, 1984), 5-8.
     
   • A Yu Ishlinskii, N E Kochin and theoretical mechanics, N E Kochin and the development of mechanics, 'Nauka' (Moscow, 1984), 169-174.
     
   • S A Khristianovich, The works of N E Kochin (Russian), N E Kochin and the development of mechanics, 'Nauka' (Moscow, 1984), 13-19.
     

6. References for Euler
   
   • C G Fraser, The concept of elastic stress in eighteenth-century mechanics : some examples from Euler, in Hamiltonian dynamical systems (New York, 1995), 1-14.
     
   • B D Kovalev, Formation of Euler hydrodynamics (Russian), in Investigations in the history of mechanics 'Nauka' (Moscow, 1983), 146-167.
     
   • G K Mikhailov, Leonhard Euler and his contribution to the development of rational mechanics (Russian), Adv.
     
   • C Truesdell, Euler's contribution to the theory of ships and mechanics, Centaurus 26 (4) (1982/83), 323-335.
     
   • I A Tyulina, Euler's hydraulic studies (Russian), in Investigations in the history of mechanics 'Nauka' (Moscow, 1983), 167-177.
     
   • C Wilson, Euler on action- at- a- distance and fundamental equations in continuum mechanics, in The investigation of difficult things (Cambridge, 1992), 399-420.
     

7. References for Bohr Niels
   
   • J Hendry, The creation of quantum mechanics and the Bohr-Pauli dialogue (Dordrecht, 1984).
     
   • H R Holcomb, Latency versus complementarity : Margenau and Bohr on quantum mechanics, British J.
     
   • G M Idlis, The unity of natural science according to Bohr and uniform interconnected periodic systems in physics, chemistry, biology and psychology I (Russian), in Studies in the history of physics and mechanics, 1990, 'Nauka' (Moscow, 1990), 37-78.
     
   • G M Idlis, The unity of natural science according to Bohr and uniform interconnected periodic systems in physics, chemistry, biology and psychology II (Russian), Studies in the history of physics and mechanics, 1991-1992, 'Nauka' (Moscow, 1997), 101-187.
     
   • H Radder, Between Bohr's atomic theory and Heisenberg's matrix mechanics, in A study of the role of the Dutch physicist H A Kramers, Janus 69 (3-4) (1982), 223--252.
     
   • On the path to quantum mechanics (Czech), Pokroky Mat.
     

8. References for Galileo
   
   • V A Fabrikant, How the concept of acceleration took shape in the mechanics of Galileo, Soviet Phys.
     
   • A T Grigorian, Measure, proportion and mathematical structure of Galileo's mechanics, in Nature mathematized I (Dordrecht-Boston, Mass., 1983), 61-65.
     
   • A T Grigorian, Measure, proportion and mathematical structure of Galileo's mechanics, Organon 7 (1970), 285-289.
     
   • F Halbwachs and A Torunczyk, On Galileo's writings on mechanics : an attempt at a semantic analysis of Viviani's scholium, Synthese 62 (3) (1985), 459-484.
     
   • J Renn, Galileo's manuscripts on mechanics, Nuncius Ann.
     

9. References for Bell John
   
   • Jammer, The Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics (New York, 1974).
     
   • Redhead, Incompleteness, Nonlocality and Realism, a Prolegomenon to the Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics (Oxford, 1987).
     
   • Bell, Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics (Cambridge, 1987).
     
   • Bell, Quantum Mechanics, High Energy Physics and Accelerators (Singapore, 1995) (edited by M.
     
   • Bell on the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics (Singapore, 2001).
     

10. References for Archimedes
    
    • J L Berggren, Archimedes among the Ottomans, in From ancient omens to statistical mechanics, Acta Hist.
      
    • A G Drachmann, Fragments from Archimedes in Heron's Mechanics, Centaurus 8 (1963), 91-146.
      
    • E Kreyszig, Archimedes and the invention of burning mirrors : an investigation of work by Buffon, in Geometry, analysis and mechanics (River Edge, NJ, 1994), 139-148.
      
    • J M Rassias, Archimedes, in Geometry, analysis and mechanics (River Edge, NJ, 1994), 1-4.
      

11. References for Magiros
    
    • S G Tzafestas (ed.), Selected papers of Demetrios G Magiros: Applied mathematics, nonlinear mechanics, and dynamical systems analysis (D.
      
    • Complete chronoligical list of Magiros' publications (54 items (1946-1984)), in S G Tzafestas (ed.), Selected papers of Demetrios G Magiros: Applied mathematics, nonlinear mechanics, and dynamical systems analysis (D.
      
    • S G Tzafestas, Preface, in S G Tzafestas (ed.), Selected papers of Demetrios G Magiros: Applied mathematics, nonlinear mechanics, and dynamical systems analysis (D.
      
    • S G Tzafestas, Biographical note of D G Magiros, in S G Tzafestas (ed.), Selected papers of Demetrios G Magiros: Applied mathematics, nonlinear mechanics, and dynamical systems analysis (D.
      

12. References for Dirac
    
    • P T Matthews, Dirac and the foundation of quantum mechanics, in Reminiscences about a great physicist : Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac (Cambridge, 1987), 199-224.
      
    • F A Medvedev, The delta-function of G L Giorgi and P A M Dirac (Russian), Studies in the history of physics and mechanics (Moscow, 1988), 78-88.
      
    • J Mehra, Dirac's contribution to the early development of quantum mechanics, in Tributes to Paul Dirac, Cambridge, 1985 (Bristol, 1987), 63-75.
      
    • Vl P Vizgin, P A M Dirac and the problem of the interrelation between physics and mathematics (Russian), Studies in the history of physics and mechanics (Moscow, 1988), 88-106.
      

13. References for Gibbs
    
    • M J Klein, Some historical remarks on the statistical mechanics of Josiah Willard Gibbs, From ancient omens to statistical mechanics, Acta Hist.
      
    • O Knudsen, The influence of Gibbs's European studies on his later work, From ancient omens to statistical mechanics, Acta Hist.
      
    • N V Vdovichenko, A few words in memory of J Willard Gibbs (on the 150th anniversary of his birth) (Russian), Studies in the history of physics and mechanics, 'Nauka' (Moscow, 1990), 198-210.
      

14. References for Sundman
    
    • L Dell'Aglio, Lines of research in classical celestial mechanics : the three-body problem in Levi-Civita and Sundman (Italian), Physis Riv.
      
    • R Lehti, Karl Frithiof Sundman's investigations in celestial mechanics.
      
    • R Lehti, Karl Frithiof Sundman's investigations in celestial mechanics.
      

15. References for Poncelet
    
    • A N Bogolyubov, Geometry and mechanics in the works of J-V Poncelet (Russian), Studies in the history of physics and mechanics 271 'Nauka' (Moscow, 1986), 178-191.
      
    • I Grattan-Guinness, Work for the workers: advances in engineering mechanics and instruction in France, 1800-1830.
      

16. References for Leibniz
    
    • E J Aiton, The celestial mechanics of Leibniz in the light of Newtonian criticism, Ann.
      
    • E J Aiton, The celestial mechanics of Leibniz : A new interpretation, Ann.
      
    • F Manna, Gottfried Leibniz, master of theoretical and applied mechanics (Italian), Atti Accad.
      

17. References for Hertz Heinrich
    
    • G Gerc, The principles of mechanics, explained in a new connection (Russian) (Klassiki nauki.
      
    • K Hamilton, Darstellungen in 'The principles of mechanics' and the 'Tractatus': the representation of objects in relation in Hertz and Wittgenstein, Perspect.
      
    • J F Mulligan, The aether and Heinrich Hertz's 'The principles of mechanics presented in a new form', Phys.
      

18. References for Jacobi
    
    • B N C Fradlin, Jacobi's contribution to the development of mathematics and mechanics (on the occasion of the 175th anniversary of his birth) (Russian), in Mathematics : Questions concerning methods, history and methodology (Tula, 1983), 114-119.
      
    • H Pulte, Jacobi's criticism of Lagrange : the changing role of mathematics in the foundations of classical mechanics, Historia Math.
      
    • H Pulte, After 150 years: news from Jacobi about Lagrange's analytical mechanics, Math.
      

19. References for Zhukovsky
    
    • A A Kosmodemyanskii, Essays on the history of mechanics (Russian) 'Nauka' (Moscow, 1982).
      
    • A T Grigorian, Development of the theoretical foundations of aviation in the work of N E Zhukovsky and S A Chaplygin (Russian), Investigations in the history of mechanics, 'Nauka' (Moscow, 1983), 183-192.
      
    • N M Merkulova, N E Zhukovskii -founder of the scientific school of aerodynamics (Russian), Investigations in the history of mechanics, 'Nauka' (Moscow, 1981), 268-292.
      

20. References for Pauli
    
    • J Hendry, The creation of quantum mechanics and the Bohr-Pauli dialogue (Dordrecht, 1984).
      
    • E A Giannetto and F Pozzi, Non-separability and synchronicity : Pauli, Jung and a new historical, philosophical perspective on quantum physics, in The foundations of quantum mechanics, Lecce, 1998 (River Edge, NJ, 2000), 251-259.
      
    • K von Meyenn, Pauli, Schrodinger and the conflict about the interpretation of quantum mechanics, in Symposium on the foundations of modern physics, Joensuu, 1985 (Singapore, 1985), 289-302.
      

21. References for Cauchy
    
    • A N Bogolyubov, Augustin Cauchy and his contribution to mechanics and physics (Russian), Studies in the history of physics and mechanics, 'Nauka' (Moscow, 1988), 179-201.
      
    • C A Truesdell, Cauchy and the modern mechanics of continua, Rev.
      

22. References for Feynman
    
    • O S Razumovskii and V A Firsov, Feynman's formulation in quantum mechanics, and path integration : The historical-methodological aspect (Russian), Studies in the history of physics and mechanics, 1988 'Nauka' (Moscow, 1988), 37-51.
      

23. References for Monte
    
    • S Drake and I E Drabkin, Mechanics in Sixteenth-Century Italy (Madison, Wis., 1969), 44-48.
      
    • W R Laird, The scope of Renaissance mechanics, Osiris (2) 2 (1986), 43-68.
      

24. References for Meshchersky
    
    • Y L Geronimus, Ivan Vsevolodovich Meshchersky (1859-1935), Essays on the Works of the Leading Figures in Russian Mechanics (Moscow, 1952).
      
    • N S Ermolaeva, D K Bobylev and I V Meshcherskii's work on the hydrodynamic theory of jets (Russian), in Studies in the history of physics and mechanics (Moscow, 1988), 201-217.
      

25. References for Laplace
    
    • V V Pavlovskaja, The problem of the stability of the equilibrium of a revolving fluid in the works of d'Alembert and Laplace (Russian), in Problems in the history of mathematics and mechanics (Kiev, 1977), 58-67.
      
    • IX : Mechanics, mathematics (Russian) (Moscow, 1970), 199-211.
      

26. References for Bowditch
    
    • Marquis de La Place, Celestial mechanics (French) Vol.
      
    • Marquis de La Place, Celestial mechanics : Translated from the French, with a commentary, by Nathaniel Bowditch Vols.
      

27. References for Mises
    
    • Studies in mathematics and mechanics : Presented to Richard von Mises by Friends, Colleagues and Pupils (New York, 1954).
      
    • G S S Ludford, Mechanics in the applied- mathematical world of von Mises, Z.
      

28. References for Mytropolshy
    
    • A M Samoilenko and V G Kolomiets, On Yu O Mitropolskii's contribution to the development of the asymptotic methods of nonlinear mechanics (Ukrainian), Ukrain.
      
    • A M Samoilenko and O B Lykova, Development of the methods of nonlinear mechanics in the works of Yu A Mitropolskii (Russian), Ukrain.
      

29. References for Helmholtz
    
    • B V Bulyubash, The problems of electrodynamics in Helmholtz' discussion with Weber (Russian), in Studies in the history of physics and mechanics, 1986 (Russian) 'Nauka' (Moscow, 1986), 110-124; 270.
      
    • L L Kul'vetsas, The status of the concept of quantity in physics theory and H Helmholtz's book 'Zahlen und Messen' (Russian), in Studies in the history of physics and mechanics, 1989 (Russian) 'Nauka' (Moscow, 1989), 170-186.
      

30. References for Schrodinger
    
    • J Mehra and H Rechenberg, The historical development of quantum theory Vol.5: Erwin Schrodinger and the rise of wave mechanics (New York, 1987).
      
    • H Kragh, On the history of early wave mechanics, Centaurus 26 (1982), 154-197.
      

31. References for Ptolemy
    
    • N T Hamilton, N M Swerdlow and G J Toomer, The 'Canobic inscription' : Ptolemy's earliest work, in From ancient omens to statistical mechanics, Acta Hist.
      
    • K P Moesgaard, In chase of an origin for the mean planetary motions in Ptolemy's 'Almagest', in From ancient omens to statistical mechanics, Acta Hist.
      

32. References for D'Alembert
    
    • V V Pavlovskaja, The problem of the stability of the equilibrium of a revolving fluid in the works of d'Alembert and Laplace (Russian), in Problems in the history of mathematics and mechanics (Kiev, 1977), 58-67.
      
    • C Wilson, d'Alembert versus Euler on the precession of the equinoxes and the mechanics of rigid bodies, Arch.
      

33. References for Spencer Tony
    
    • D F Parker and A H England (eds), IUTAM/ISIMM Symposium on Anisotropy, Inhomogeneity and Nonlinearity in Solid Mechanics (Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordecht, 1995), xiii-xiv.
      
    • Prof A J M Spencer FRS : 23 August 1929 - 26 January 2008, Spencer Institute of Theoretical and Computational Mechanics.
      

34. References for Mytropolsky
    
    • A M Samoilenko and V G Kolomiets, On Yu O Mitropolskii's contribution to the development of the asymptotic methods of nonlinear mechanics (Ukrainian), Ukrain.
      
    • A M Samoilenko and O B Lykova, Development of the methods of nonlinear mechanics in the works of Yu A Mitropolskii (Russian), Ukrain.
      

35. References for Kempe
    
    • A M Tokarenko, Development of the methods of the exact synthesis of mechanisms in England (1870s-1880s) (Russian), in Studies in the history of physics and mechanics, 1988 'Nauka' (Moscow, 1988), 218-232.
      
    • A M Tokarenko, On the history of the reproduction of plane algebraic curves by articulated mechanisms (Russian), in Problems in the history of mathematics and mechanics (Kiev, 1977), 8-57; 131.
      

36. References for Krylov Nikolai S
    
    • O V Kuznetsova, N S Krylov's investigations on the justifications of statistical mechanics (Russian), in Studies in the history of physics and mechanics, 1987 ("Nauka", Moscow, 1987), 80-96; 244-245.
      

37. References for Wallis
    
    • M H Bektasova, Wallis' 'Algebra' (Russian), in Collection of questions on mathematics and mechanics (Russian) 8 (Alma-Ata, 1976), 3-17, 226.
      
    • F D Kramar, The origins of vector algebra in Wallis' mechanics (Russian), Voprosy Istor.
      

38. References for Zaremba
    
    • L L Kul'vetsas, S Zaremba's attempts to axiomatize the notion of time in classical mechanics (Russian), Investigations in the history of mechanics (Moscow, 1981), 141-147.
      

39. References for Heisenberg
    
    • M Jammer, The Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics: The Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics in Historical Perspective (1974).
      

40. References for Bertrand
    
    • VI P Vizgin, Sources of the concept of dynamic symmetry in classical mechanics.
      
    • The Laplace integral and the Bertrand problem (Russian), Investigations in the history of mechanics ('Nauka', Moscow, 1981), 128-140; 311.
      

41. References for Taylor Geoffrey
    
    • G K Batchelor, G I Taylor as I knew him, in Advances in applied mechanics 16 (New York, 1976), 1-8.
      
    • J S Turner, G[eoffrey] I[ngram] Taylor [1886-1975] in his later years, Annual review of fluid mechanics 29 (Palo Alto, CA, 1997), 1-25.
      

42. References for Poisson
    
    • D H Arnold, Poisson and Mechanics, in Simeon Denis Poisson et la Science de son Temps (Paris, 1981).
      

43. References for Stifel
    
    • M L Cernova, The algebra of M Stifel (Russian), in History and methodology of the natural sciences XIV : Mathematics, mechanics (Moscow, 1973), 190-205.
      

44. References for Anaxagoras
    
    • V P Vizgin, The problem of the plurality of worlds in the doctrine of Anaxagoras (Russian), in Studies in the history of physics and mechanics 1989 'Nauka' (Moscow, 1989), 5-25.
      

45. References for Kepler
    
    • U Hoyer, Kepler's celestial mechanics, Vistas Astronom.
      

46. References for Rankine
    
    • J B Henderson, Macquorn Rankine : professor of civil engineering and mechanics in the University of Glasgow, 1855 to 1872 : an oration (Glasgow, 1932).
      

47. References for Hooke
    
    • F F Centore, Robert Hooke's contributions to mechanics : a study in seventeenth century natural philosophy (The Hague, 1970).
      

48. References for Krylov Aleksei
    
    • L A Poltavskaya, Several methodological questions on mechanics in the works of A N Krylov, Istor.
      

49. References for Haret
    
    • V Mioc and M Stavinschi, Spiru Haret's Contribution to Celestial Mechanics, Romanian Astronomical Journal 11 (1) (2001), 93-105.
      

50. References for Viviani
    
    • F Halbwachs and A Torunczyk, On Galileo's writings on mechanics : an attempt at a semantic analysis of Viviani's scholium, Synthese 62 (3) (1985), 459-484.
      

51. References for Buffon
    
    • E Kreyszig, Archimedes and the invention of burning mirrors : an investigation of work by Buffon, Geometry, analysis and mechanics (River Edge, NJ, 1994), 139-148.
      

52. References for Horner
    
    • M H Bektasova, From the history of numerical methods for the solution of equations (Russian), in Collection of questions on mathematics and mechanics No.
      

53. References for Galerkin
    
    • Ishilinsky (ed.), Advances in Mechanics of Deformable Solids : The B G Galerkin Centenary Volume, U.S.S.R.
      

54. References for Camus
    
    • C Iltis, The decline of Cartesianism in mechanics : the Leibnizian-Cartesian debates, Isis 64 (223) (1973), 356-373.
      

55. References for Heron
    
    • A G Drachmann, Fragments from Archimedes in Heron's Mechanics, Centaurus 8 (1963), 91-146.
      

56. References for Mannheim
    
    • A M Tokarenko, Development of the methods of the exact synthesis of mechanisms in England (1870s-1880s) (Russian), Studies in the history of physics and mechanics 1988 'Nauka' (Moscow, 1988), 218-232.
      

57. References for Stiefel
    
    • V Szebehely, D Saari, J Waldvogal and U Kirchgraber, Eduard L Stiefel (1909-1978), in Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Mathematical Methods in Celestial Mechanics, Math.
      

58. References for Batchelor
    
    • D G Crighton, G K Batchelor : founding editor of the Journal of Fluid Mechanics, J Fluid Mech.
      

59. References for Kramers
    
    • H Radder, Between Bohr's atomic theory and Heisenberg's matrix mechanics.
      

60. References for Magnitsky
    
    • A T Grigoryan, The chief stages in the evolution of mechanics in Russia, Janus 68 (1-3) (1981), 27-32.
      

61. References for Carnot
    
    • C C Gillispie, Lazare Carnot Savant : a monograph treating Carnot's scientific work, with facsimile reproduction of his unpublished writings on mechanics and on the calculus, and an essay concerning the latter by A P Youschkevitch (Princeton, 1971).
      

62. References for Ibrahim
    
    • B A Rozenfel'd and M M Rozanskaja, Geometric transformations and change of variables in the writings of Ibrahim ibn Sinan (Russian), in History and Methodology of Natural Sciences IX : Mechanics, Mathematics (Moscow, 1970), 178-181.
      

63. References for Copernicus
    
    • E Zilsel, Copernicus and mechanics, J.
      

64. References for Ostrogradski
    
    • Y L Geronimus, Mikhail Vasilevich Ostrogradski, Essays on the Works of the Leading Figures in Russian Mechanics (Moscow, 1952), 13-57.
      

65. References for Gemma Frisius
    
    • B R Goldstein, Remarks on Gemma Frisius's 'De radio astronomico et geometrico', in From ancient omens to statistical mechanics (Copenhagen, 1987), 167-180.
      

66. References for Krylov Nikolai
    
    • T F Lucka, An investigation of the rate of convergence of the variational methods in the works of N M Krylov and N N Bogoljubov (Russian), in Problems in the history of mathematics and mechanics (Inst.
      

67. References for Osipovsky
    
    • From Leibniz to Lomonosov (Russian), in Mechanics and physics in the second half of the 18th century (Russian) (Nauka, Moscow, 1978),148-190.
      

68. References for Lipschitz
    
    • R Tazzioli, Rudolf Lipschitz's work on differential geometry and mechanics, in The history of modern mathematics III (Boston, MA, 1994), 113-138.
      

69. References for Painleve
    
    • R Hermann, The geometric foundations of the integrability property of differential equations and physical systems : Mechanics on affinely-connected manifolds and the work of Kowalewski and Painleve, J.
      

70. References for Commandino
    
    • S Drake and I Drabkin, Mechanics in Sixteenth-Century Italy (Madison, Wis., 1969), 41-44.
      

71. References for Cunha
    
    • A N Bogolyubov, The views of J A da Cunha in the domain of mechanics (Russian), in Studies in the history of mathematics 19 'Nauka' (Moscow, 1974), 177-187.
      

72. References for Argand
    
    • XIV : Mathematics, mechanics (Moscow, 1973), 167-172.
      

73. References for Naimark
    
    • D P Zhelobenko, The scientific work of M A Naimark (Russian), Probability theory, function theory, mechanics, Trudy Mat.
      

74. References for Thomson
    
    • D F Moyer, Continuum mechanics and field theory : Thomson and Maxwell, Studies in Hist.
      

75. References for De Moivre
    
    • O B Sheynin, On the history of the de Moivre-Laplace limit theorems (Russian), in History and methodology of natural sciences IX : Mechanics, mathematics (Moscow, 1970), 199-211.
      

76. References for Weber
    
    • B V Bulyubash, The problems of electrodynamics in Helmholtz' discussion with Weber (Russian), Studies in the history of physics and mechanics, 1986 'Nauka' (Moscow, 1986), 110-124.
      

77. References for Moisil
    
    • N Cristescu and P P Teodorescu, Gr C Moisil's researches in mechanics, Rev.
      

78. References for Leonardo
    
    • M Clagett, The Science of Mechanics in the Middle Ages (Madison, 1959).
      

79. References for Klein Oskar
    
    • Bethe and R Jackiw, Intermediate Quantum Mechanics (Reading, 1997).
      

80. References for Diocles
    
    • O Neugebauer, Note on Diocles' 'burning mirror', in From ancient omens to statistical mechanics, Acta Hist.
      

81. References for Chatelet
    
    • C Iltis, Madame du Chatelet's metaphysics and mechanics, Studies in Hist.
      

82. References for Hamilton
    
    • M Nakane, The role of the three-body problem in W R Hamilton's construction of the characteristic function for mechanics, Historia Sci.
      

83. References for Ehrenfest
    
    • G E Gorelik, Ehrenfest and the problem of the dimension of physical space (Russian), in Investigations in the history of mechanics, 'Nauka' (Moscow, 1983), 245-260.
      

84. References for Levi-Civita
    
    • G Battimelli, 'With no official connection' : Tullio Levi-Civita and the International Congresses of Applied Mechanics, Riv.
      

85. References for Steklov
    
    • IX: Mechanics, Mathematics (Moscow, 1970), 262-266.
      

86. References for Kolosov
    
    • Muskhelishvili's scientific heritage, in Continuum mechanics and related problems of analysis, Tbilisi, 1991 ('Metsniereba', Tbilisi, 1993), 11-66.
      

87. References for Torricelli
    
    • L A Sorokina, Certain differential methods in the works of E Torricelli (Russian), in 1970 History and Methodology of Natural Sciences IX : Mechanics, Mathematics (Moscow, 1970), 218-226.
      

88. References for Uhlenbeck
    
    • E G D Cohen, George E Uhlenbeck and statistical mechanics, Amer.
      

89. References for Chebotaryov
    
    • A V Dorodnov, Nikolai Grigorievich Chebotaryov (1894-1947) (Russian), A survey of the history of the N G Chebotaryov Research Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics (Kazan, 1989), 110-118.
      

90. References for Brouwer
    
    • Geometry, Analysis, Topology and Mechanics (Amsterdam, 1976).
      

91. References for Tartaglia
    
    • S Drake and I E Drabkin, Mechanics in Sixteenth- Century Italy: Selections from Tartaglia, Benedetti, Guido Ubaldo, and Galileo (1960).
      

92. References for Chaplygin
    
    • A T Grigor'yan, Development of the theoretical foundations of aviation in the work of N E Zhukovskii and S A Chaplygin (Russian), Investigations in the history of mechanics (Moscow, 1983), 183-192.
      

93. References for Navier
    
    • E F Kranakis, Navier's theory of suspension bridges, From ancient omens to statistical mechanics, Acta Hist.
      

94. References for Stewartson
    
    • J T Stuart, Keith Stewartson (1925-1983): his life and work, Annual review of fluid mechanics 18 (1986), 1-14.
      

95. References for Wigner
    
    • Foundations of quantum mechanics (Berlin, 1997).
      

96. References for Leray
    
    • J Serrin, Jean Leray's contributions to nonlinear differential equations, fixed point theory and fluid mechanics, Jean Leray (1906-1998), Gaz.
      

97. References for Varignon
    
    • Varignon to the science of motion (Russian), in Studies in the history of physics and mechanics 1998-1999 ('Nauka', Moscow, 2000), 201-214; 296; 300.
      

98. References for Hamel
    
    • V S Sotnikov, Hamel's works on the foundations of mechanics (Ukrainian), Narisi Istor.
      

99. References for Pompeiu
    
    • C Iacob, Dimitrie Pompeiu's lectures on mechanics (Romanian), in 'Gheorghe Titeica and Dimitrie Pompeiu' Symposium on Geometry and Global Analysis, Bucharest, 1973 (Editura Acad.
      

100. References for Bohl
     
     • L L Kul'vetsas, P Bohl's fourth thesis and Hilbert's sixth problem (Russian), Studies in the history of physics and mechanics, 1986 (Moscow, 1986), 62-93.
       

101. References for Black Fischer
     
     • (1948), Space-time approach to non-relativistic quantum mechanics, Review of Modern Physics, 20, 367-387.
       

102. References for Coriolis
     
     • I Grattan-Guinness, Work for the workers : advances in engineering mechanics and instruction in France, 1800-1830, Ann.
       

103. References for Reynolds
     
     • N Rott, Note on the history of the Reynolds number, Annual review of fluid mechanics 22 (1990), 1-11.
       

104. References for Euclid
     
     • M K Bucel', Rational numbers and quadratic irrationalities in Euclid's 'Elements' (Russian), in History and methodology of the natural sciences XIV : Mathematics, mechanics (Moscow, 1973), 60-64.
       

105. References for Liouville
     
     • J Lutzen, The geometrization of analytical mechanics : a pioneering contribution by Joseph Liouville (ca.
       

106. References for Sokolov
     
     • T V Putjata, B N Fradlin and A L Skljanskii, The development of mechanics in the studies of Jurii Dimitrievic Sokolov (Russian), Prikladna.